Western Civilization Final Exam BEST STUDYING MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS, Exams of Culture & Society

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Western Civilization Final Exam BEST

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Which of the following is true of Jewish settlements in the Hellenistic period?

• CORRECT ANS-Jews were numerous in cities in Egypt, Asia Minor, and Syria The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was
• CORRECT ANS-the use of concrete on a massive scale Roman provincial and frontier policy under Augustus was characterized by all of the following except
• CORRECT ANS-limitless expansion in central Europe After imposed retirement from Roman politics, Cicero took up writing
• CORRECT ANS-philosophical treatises Rome set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by
• CORRECT ANS-offering its most favored allies full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion Among the dangerous military innovations of Marius threatening the Republic was his - CORRECT ANS-Recruitment of destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him

Among Augustus's key innovations in Roman provincial rule was his

• CORRECT ANS-division of Roman provinces into those ruled directly by the princeps and the senatorial provinces administered by the Senate Optimates in the late Roman Republic wanted to maintain the privileges of the
  • CORRECT ANS-nobiles The people to the north of Rome who apparently ruled Rome for a century and heavily influenced Roman urban culture were the
  • CORRECT ANS-Etruscans The emperor who said, "Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else" was
  • CORRECT ANS-Septimius Severus Marcus Aurelius' cruel son, who was strangled by his wrestling partner in 192 C.E. was
  • CORRECT ANS-Commodus All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five "good emperors" except for
• CORRECT ANS-the halting of imperial bureaucratic growth By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar showed that he
  • CORRECT ANS-was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the
• CORRECT ANS-Basques

The holy man who created the first community of monks in Egypt and laid the foundations for the monastic movement was

• CORRECT ANS-Saint Anthony In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was
• CORRECT ANS-an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was
• CORRECT ANS-Erik the Red According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes which of the following subjects?
• CORRECT ANS-grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic Among Otto I's more successful actions that clearly benefited the kingship of Germany was - CORRECT ANS-defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and Christianization of eastern Europe The founder of the Frankish kingdom and the first royal Frankish defender of the Catholic faith was
• CORRECT ANS-Clovis The most successful Muslim raids in the ninth century occurred in
• CORRECT ANS-Sicily Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Qur'an, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called
• CORRECT ANS-the Shari'a

The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was

• CORRECT ANS-Vladimir In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected which of the following as their king, contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries?
  • CORRECT ANS-Hugh Capet The author of the Ecclesiastical History of the English People was the monk known as the Venerable Bede.
• CORRECT ANS-True After the death of Louis the Pious
  • CORRECT ANS-an incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories weakened the Carolingian word In northern European countries, the most common drink of the medieval peasant was - CORRECT ANS-ale Russia's religious development led to a close affinity between Russian civilization and
  • CORRECT ANS-Byzantine civilization The dramatic increases in European population between 1000 and 1300
  • CORRECT ANS-were primarily due to an increased birth rate outstripping high medieval mortality rates Hildegard of Bingen, one of the most accomplished nuns of the twelfth century, is noted for all of the following except her
  • CORRECT ANS-abuse by kings and popes as a "false prophet."

The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to

• CORRECT ANS-the high consumption of alcohol By 1100 charters of liberties granted townspeople such privileges as
  • CORRECT ANS-written urban law that guaranteed their freedom The area that assumed a leading role in the revival of trade in the Middle Ages was
• CORRECT ANS-Italy The windmill and the watermill were the most important methods for the harnessing of power before the invention of the coal-driven steam engine of the eighteenth century.
  • CORRECT ANS-True One of the great political developments in England in the thirteenth century was
  • CORRECT ANS-the emergence of the English Parliament under Edward I After capturing the city of Jerusalem in 1099, the Christian soldiers of the First Crusade
  • CORRECT ANS-a and b Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that
• CORRECT ANS-he required all subvassals to swear allegiance to him Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations except
  • CORRECT ANS-the addition of a transept

By the thirteenth century, a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following except

• CORRECT ANS-papal decrees which had harshly condemned the lifestyle since the Early Middle Ages and had overtly tried to stamp it out for centuries Merchants and manufacturers responded to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century by
• CORRECT ANS-restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was
• CORRECT ANS-Isabella d'Este A key economic consequence of the plague was
• CORRECT ANS-a decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs. In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of the rulers of
• CORRECT ANS-Spain and France The author of The Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was
• CORRECT ANS-Baldassare Castiglione The Wars of the Roses refers to a civil conflict in
• CORRECT ANS-England The fifteenth century theologian who claimed that reason could not prove spiritual truth was
• CORRECT ANS-William of Occam

The Great Schism reflected the divisions

• CORRECT ANS-between the English and the French in the Hundred Years' War Postplague socioeconomic relations between rich and poor in Europe
• CORRECT ANS-got much worse as the positions of landlords deteriorated, and they sought to limit the gains of the peasants During the fifteenth century, Italians forbade slavery throughout the peninsula.
• CORRECT ANS-False In Defender of The Peace, Marsiglio of Padua took the position that
• CORRECT ANS-the church must consign itself solely to spiritual functions The conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France began when Philip
• CORRECT ANS-taxed churchmen without the Church's permission All of the following is true of the Edict of Nantes except that it
• CORRECT ANS-expelled the Huguenots from France According to mercantilist theory, the prosperity of a nation depended on a plentiful supply of
• CORRECT ANS-bullion The sea captain who first made a sea voyage directly from Europe to India was
• CORRECT ANS-Vasco da Gama The Aztec empire, which Cortéz conquered in 1519, was located
• CORRECT ANS-in central Mexico

During the 1540s the turning point in the direction of the Catholic Reformation was exemplified by - CORRECT ANS-the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index of Forbidden Books The Anabaptist leader who spread peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that emphasized separation from the world as a means of better emulating Christ was Menno Simmons. - CORRECT ANS-True In the sixteenth century, Switzerland - CORRECT ANS-was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie The European nation that established a settlement at Africa's Cape of Good Hope was - CORRECT ANS-the Dutch Republic Protestant schools in Germany avoided teaching the liberal arts, choosing instead to focus on their most important book, the Bible. - CORRECT ANS-False Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at - CORRECT ANS-ten million The Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan was - CORRECT ANS-Francis Xavier For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was - CORRECT ANS-the Bible In his On the Freedom of a Christian Man, Martin Luther emphasized the primacy of works in securing salvation. - CORRECT ANS-False The Austrian monarchy never became a highly centralized, absolutist state, in part because it included too many different national groups. - CORRECT ANS-True

Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed - CORRECT ANS-Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great Northern War As Louis XIII's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in - CORRECT ANS- strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy Influenced by his experiences in Western Europe, upon his return to Russia, Peter the Great ordered that the serfs be emancipated and freed from their boyar lords. - CORRECT ANS-False The Baroque painter who used violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his paintings was - CORRECT ANS-Peter Paul Rubens Louis XIV restructured the administration of the French government by all of the following except - CORRECT ANS-removing the central policy-making machinery of government from his own court and household Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, developed the first standing army of conscripts, an army notable for its flexible tactics. - CORRECT ANS-True After the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the Holy Roman Empire - CORRECT ANS- was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states Following the Thirty Years' War, what country became dominant in Europe? - CORRECT ANS- France Jean-Baptiste Racine is considered the greatest writer of satirical comedies at the court of Louis XIV. - CORRECT ANS-False The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabeth era is best characterized by the - CORRECT ANS-plays of William Shakespeare

The French royal court of Versailles was located just outside the city of Marseilles. - CORRECT ANS-False Sumerian kings derived their authority from - CORRECT ANS-the gods The physical environment of the Mesopotamians generally led to - CORRECT ANS-a pessimistic outlook with an emphasis on satisfying their angry gods Growing appreciation of astronomy among European peoples after 4000 B.C.E. is best seen in - CORRECT ANS-megalithic observatories The destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. and the Babylonian Captivity of the people of Judah occurred at the hands of the - CORRECT ANS-Chaldeans The most prominent structure in a Sumerian city was a temple called a ziggurat. - CORRECT ANS-True Punishments for crimes under the Code of Hammurabi - CORRECT ANS-were more severe for the lower classes All of the following helped make Assyria an efficient military machine except for - CORRECT ANS-humane treatment of prisoners In general, during the imperialistic New Kingdom, Egyptian government changed by - CORRECT ANS-a gradual lessening in the power of pharaohs over their neighbors After the death of Solomon, tensions between the northern and southern tribes led to the establishment of two kingdoms, the kingdom of ____ and the kingdom of ___ - CORRECT ANS- Israel and Judah

The Hebrew bible describes the conquest of the Philistines, the Moabites, and Jerusalem as the achievements of - CORRECT ANS-David The Hittites played an important role in the history of the Middle East because they - CORRECT ANS-transmitted Mesopotamian culture to the west, especially to the Mycenaean Greeks According to the biblical account, Solomon's most revered contribution to the Hebrew society was to - CORRECT ANS-construct the Temple, the symbolic center of the Hebrew religion and society All of the following are believed to be developments of the Paleolithic Age excep - CORRECT ANS-the regular production of food through agriculture The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta were - CORRECT ANS-perioikoi Alexander the Great's troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture - CORRECT ANS-India By the 1st century B.C.E., which of the following was the largest city in the Mediterranean? - CORRECT ANS-Alexandria Shortly after taking the throne, Alexander dealt swiftly and harshly with a Greek rebellion by sacking the city of - CORRECT ANS-Thebes The economic life of the Hellenistic world was characterized by - CORRECT ANS-a significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east The establishment of the hoplite military system based upon the phalanx formation was an entirely a military phenomenon, having no impact on the political or social life of the Greek city- state - CORRECT ANS-False

Greek culture in the Archaic Age was represented in life-size stone statues of nude males known as kouros figures. - CORRECT ANS-True The Greek philosopher who proposed the concept of a higher world of eternal and unchanging Ideal Forms was Aristotle. - CORRECT ANS-False Among the most ill-treated of Hellenistic slaves were those - CORRECT ANS-who worked in Egyptian gold mines The most famous scientist of his era, Archimedes of Syracuse, was responsible for all of the following except - CORRECT ANS-uniting the disciplines of science and philosophy Alexander's military success against the Persians was in part attributable to - CORRECT ANS-the role of Alexander's cavalry as a strike force One of the great political developments in England in the thirteenth century was - CORRECT ANS-the emergence of the English Parliament under Edward I The Magna Carta could best be described as - CORRECT ANS-an affirmation of the traditional rights of barons Parliament in England originally arose from the - CORRECT ANS-king's need to collect new taxes The Capetian king who wrested control of several French territories from King John of England was - CORRECT ANS-Philip II The Christian offensive in Spain against the Muslims in the thirteenth century - CORRECT ANS- left Granada the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula

During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Holy Roman Emperors - CORRECT ANS-attempted to exploit the resources of Italy The founder of the Mongol Empire was - CORRECT ANS-Genghis Khan The status of bishops and abbots as vassals of nobles led to - CORRECT ANS-increased worldliness and a decline in the execution of their spiritual duties In 1077 at Canossa, King Henry IV - CORRECT ANS-received absolution and forgiveness after humbling himself before the pope. The investiture controversy was resolved in 1122 by a compromise agreement known as the Concordat of - CORRECT ANS-Worms The church during the twelfth century possessed a hierarchical structure with the pope and which group at the apex? - CORRECT ANS-Papal Curia The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was - CORRECT ANS-The interdict In general, monasteries performed all the following EXCEPT - CORRECT ANS-formed clerical guilds for priests and nuns The sacramental system of the Catholic Church regarded all of the following as sacraments EXCEPT - CORRECT ANS-pilgrimage The persecutions of European Jews in the High Middle Ages were - CORRECT ANS-Frequently inspired by the the Christian Crusades, as Christians searched for enemies at home

In 1071, at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks defeated the - CORRECT ANS-Byzantines Pope Urban II and the Council of Clermont in 1095 - CORRECT ANS-promised remissions of sins for joining the crusades to recapture the Holy Land After capturing the city of Jerusalem in 1099, the Christian soldiers of the First Crusade - CORRECT ANS-created several Christian crusader states with feudal institutions The Fourth Crusade was diverted from Jerusalem and ended up sacking - CORRECT ANS- Constantinople Which of the following was NOT a result of the Crusades? - CORRECT ANS-The steady growth in power of the Middle Eatern crusader states Among the adverse economic and population changes in fourteenth-century Europe were - CORRECT ANS-all of the above What was the main cause of the early fourteenth century famines? - CORRECT ANS-a little ice age inducing bad weather with heavy rains The Black Death resulted in a decline of the European population by - CORRECT ANS-between 25 and 50 percent Pogroms were - CORRECT ANS-organized massacres against the Jews All of the following were reactions to the great plague EXCEPT - CORRECT ANS-a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God. The flagellants - CORRECT ANS-Attracted attention and created mass hysteria wherever they went

The terms "ars moriendi" means - CORRECT ANS-The art of dying Economically, the great plague and the crises of the fourteenth century - CORRECT ANS-raised wages because of a scarcity of labor The European aristocracy responded to the adversity of the great plague by - CORRECT ANS- seeking to lower wages by legal means, especially for farm laborers. A key economic consequence of the plague was - CORRECT ANS-a decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs The French government and aristocracy responded to the Jacquerie by - CORRECT ANS- massacring the participants Merchants and manufacturers responded to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century by - CORRECT ANS-restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes. One major issue behind the Hundred Year's War was a claim to the French throne by the English king - CORRECT ANS-Edward III In the conduct of the Hundred Year's War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the - CORRECT ANS-Decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights Joan of Arc saved France by inspiring the French soldiers to break the English siege of - CORRECT ANS-Orleans Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because - CORRECT ANS- both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.

Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by the - CORRECT ANS-popolo grasso From 1305 to 1377, the Papacy resided across the French border in the town of - CORRECT ANS- Avignon Mysticism in the fourteenth century - CORRECT ANS-emphasized an intensely personal feeling of oneness with God. The mystic who founded the Modern Devotion movement and led the group known as the Brothers of the Common Life was - CORRECT ANS-Gerard Groote The Medicis dominated the politics of Florence in the fifteenth century - CORRECT ANS-True Unlike fellow Northern artist Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer was not influenced by Italian artists. - CORRECT ANS-False The Italian Renaissance was primarily - CORRECT ANS-a recovery of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture The word "Renaissance" means - CORRECT ANS-Rebirth The commercial and military association known as the Hansa or Hanseatic League was created by - CORRECT ANS-North German coastal towns The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was - CORRECT ANS-to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages. Western Europe in the Renaissance saw - CORRECT ANS-a decline in serfdom

Slavery in Renaissance Italy - CORRECT ANS-saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers. Which of the following statements BEST describes marriage in Renaissance Italy? - CORRECT ANS-Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances. Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must - CORRECT ANS-Act without scruples for the good of the state Renaissance humanists in Italy - CORRECT ANS-had occupations in schools and universities or as secretaries in city-states or at the courts of princes or popes. The first Italian humanists to gain a thorough knowledge of Greek was - CORRECT ANS- Leonardo Bruni Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was - CORRECT ANS-The secularization of the writing of history and the explanation of change over time Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of - CORRECT ANS-The movable type printing press The development of printing in the fifteenth century - CORRECT ANS-ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society. One of the foremost preoccupations of Italian Renaissance art was - CORRECT ANS-the realistic portrayal of the human nude The Renaissance figure in the following list was NOT a leading painter was - CORRECT ANS- Petrarch

Who painted the Last Supper? - CORRECT ANS-Da Vinci Which of the following is NOT true of Northern Renaissance artists? - CORRECT ANS-They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting. John Wycliffe criticized the Church for - CORRECT ANS-Not letting people read the Bible in the vernacular When Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, his main intent was to - CORRECT ANS- reform corrupt practices of the clergy During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they - CORRECT ANS-examined natural laws governing the universe As a result of the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, government in Great Britain gradually became a - CORRECT ANS-limited monarchy How did Newton's work change the way that well-educated Europeans viewed the universe? - CORRECT ANS-they saw the universe as a place in which everything moved according to natural universal laws The writings of the Enlightenment philosophers in Europe encouraged later political revolution with their support of - CORRECT ANS-the natural rights of man Many of the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau were associated with - CORRECT ANS- political reforms that challenged absolutism Revolutions have most often occurred in nations in which - CORRECT ANS-the establishment of colonial empires by strong European

The French Revolution and Napoleon - CORRECT ANS-spread the ideas of nationalism and democracy An absolute monarch, privileged noble and clergy, and an unfair tax structure for the Third estate best describe - CORRECT ANS-France before the national Assembly In political terms, the Congress of Vienna can best be described as - CORRECT ANS-moderate Both the French and American revolutions were influenced by the period known as the - CORRECT ANS-conservative Capitalists are best defined as persons who - CORRECT ANS-own or control business enterprises The industrial revolution began in Great Britain mainly because - CORRECT ANS-Great Britain had the necessary resources and raw materials According to Karl Marx, history is a record of - CORRECT ANS-struggle between classes in society Which statement best describes Europe just before World War I? - CORRECT ANS-the formation of opposing alliance systems increased international disputes The fundamental cause of imperialism in the late 1800's was the - CORRECT ANS-Industrial Revolution The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I helped lay the foundation for the - CORRECT ANS-rise of fascism in Germany The term the "Cold War" refers to - CORRECT ANS-the post WWII tensions between the U.S.S.R. and U.S.

A major reason for the decline of the Roman Empire was - CORRECT ANS-political corruption and the instability of the government Revolutions have most often occurred in nations in which - CORRECT ANS-social, political, or economic dissatisfaction exists