Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Writing Techniques and Strategies: A Guide to Effective Communication, Schemes and Mind Maps of Computer Communication Systems

A comprehensive overview of writing techniques and strategies, covering various aspects of effective communication. It explores concepts like text and discourse, transition words, parallelism, brainstorming, graphic organizers, and patterns of development in writing. The document also delves into organizational principles, language use, mechanics, and evaluative writing techniques. It aims to equip writers with the tools and knowledge necessary to produce clear, concise, and engaging written work.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2022/2023

Uploaded on 09/15/2024

ford-clivantico
ford-clivantico 🇭🇰

1 document

Partial preview of the text

Download Writing Techniques and Strategies: A Guide to Effective Communication and more Schemes and Mind Maps Computer Communication Systems in PDF only on Docsity!

READING LG1-LG

lg

Text First, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines "text" as "the original words and form of a written or printed work." The text was inspired by the Latin word texere, which means "to weave." In contrast, "discourse" refers to "the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas." Second, Crystal defines text as "a piece of naturally occurring spoken, written, or signed discourse identified for purposes of analysis." It is "a language unit with a defined communicative function, such as conversation, a poster, etc. Third, Cook defines "text" as "a stretch of language interpreted formally, without context," whereas "discourse" is defined as "a stretch of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and purposeful." Connected discourse —a relatively long and incorporated part of language, such as a written disagreement or oral discussion. Connected speech is defined as "a spoken language in a continuous sequence, as in normal conversation," and there is frequently a significant difference between how words are pronounced in isolation and how they are pronounced in the context of connected speech. Thus, another important term to connect with the text and related discourse is "coherence," which means "the quality of being logical and consistent." Coherence is the unifying element in a text or discourse.

1. What are Transition Words?

Our goal as writers is to communicate our thoughts and ideas as clearly and logically as possible. We must ensure that complex ideas are communicated in the most understandable way possible, especially when presenting them. 2.List of Transition Words Transition Words for Argumentative Essays To begin with To show By contrast Another way to view this Chiefly Mainly To clarify To put more simply One alternative is At the same time With this in mind All things considered As a result Another possibility is Generally speaking On the contrary Yet another That is to say Transition Words for Compare and Contrast Essays

On the other hand Similarly In spite of At the same time Otherwise Despite Simultaneously In contrast As an illustration Nevertheless Yet That is But Still Also Likewise Conversely Equally In a similar fashion On the contrary Transition Words for Cause-and-Effect Essays In effect For this reason Because Henceforth Thus Otherwise As a result Since Accordingly Consequently Thereupon Afterwards So as a Hence For If…then In order to Under those circumstances Transition Words to Start a Paragraph In the meantime Earlier For now To be sure Furthermore First of all The next step Assuredly In the first place Besides To begin with Generally speaking Basically As you can see To put it differently Once and for all First... second...third Foundationally In addition In time Transition Words for Conclusions Given these points That is to say All things considered After all To summarize To sum up In short In summary Ultimately Briefly Taking everything into account On the whole Everything considered Finally By and large In the final analysis As previously stated In essence Overall All in all

3.Do's and Don'ts of Essay Transitions · Only use transitions when introducing new ideas. ·Use them sparingly. ·Examine the papers to ensure that they make sense. · Don't repeat transitions within the same paragraph. · Begin by making an outline so you know what ideas to share and how to share them. Don't rely solely on transitions to indicate relationships. · For each idea, use a different transition. Don't use it in your content unless you understand how it works. LESSON 2: Parallelism What is parallelism? What does parallelism mean? Parallelism is a grammatical term for arranging words in a way that is syntactically correct. Examples of Parallelism: Here is an example with an incorrect parallel structure: · I like to fish, swimming, and to hike. In this example, the list series does not use a parallel structure. The terms are not parallel. There are two infinitives (to fish and to hike) and one gerund (swimming). This sentence is grammatically incorrect. Here is an example of parallelism with the correct parallel structure: · I like fishing, swimming, and hiking. In this example, the list uses a parallel structure. The terms are parallel—all three are gerunds. This sentence is grammatically correct. The Functions of Parallelism

1. Parallel writing is clearer and more concise. What is the purpose of parallelism? Parallel structure is paramount in good writing. Without it, writing is awkward. Parallel structure improves coherence and consistency. Please allow the following parallelism examples to illustrate. Poor Structure: To build a tree house, my dad purchased some nails, lots of wood and rebar. Parallel Structure: To build a treehouse, my dad purchased nails, wood, and rebar. The difference between the two sentences exists in the adjectives. Is the first sentence able to be understood? Yes. Does the second sentence have better coherence and consistency? Yes.

2. Parallel structure in the list. Items in a list must be parallel.

When creating lists, the items in the list should be parallel. For example, in your list, you might have nouns and adjectives listed appropriately in a given sentence. •The fruit salad has pears, peaches, and cherries.

•The movie was thrilling, exciting, and suspenseful.

3. Phrases and Clauses must be parallel.

Parallel Examples with Phrases Incorrect: Please place the leftover chicken on the counter or you can put it in the refrigerator. Correct : Please place the leftover chicken on the counter or in the refrigerator. Parallel Examples with Clauses Incorrect: My parents did not approve of my actions or what I said. Correct: My parents did not approve of what I did nor what I said. 4.Parallel structures in ideas and concepts. “Ideas and concepts are helpful to be parallel. - When constructing sentences, it is important to use similar ideas and concepts. This helps to improve coherence and consistency.

5. Clear writing requires parallel structures.- Parallelism in literature is defined as the use of identical or equivalent syntactic constructions in corresponding clauses and phrases. What is the parallel structure? The first example is an incongruent list. LG LESSON 1: Brainstorming Concepts Brainstorming is an invention and discovery strategy in composition in which the writer works with others to explore topics, develop ideas, and/or propose solutions to a problem. Brainstorming is defined as a "process for generating creative ideas and solutions through intensive and freewheeling group discussion," explained the process as "a stop-and-go, catch-as-catch-can operation—one which can never be exact enough to rate as scientific." The process, he said, includes some or all of these phases: o Orientation: pointing out the problem o Preparation: gathering pertinent data o Analysis: breaking down the relevant material o accumulating alternatives via ideas o Incubation: letting up to invite illumination o Synthesis is the process of putting the pieces together. o Verification: judging the resultant ideas Osborne established four basic rules for brainstorming:

  1. Criticism is ruled out. The adverse judgment of ideas must be withheld until later.
  2. Freewheeling is encouraged. The wilder the idea, the better.
  1. Quantity is the goal. The greater the number of ideas, the more likely it is that useful ideas will result.
  2. A combination and improvement are sought. Brainstorming Strategies
  3. Cubing: This strategy allows you to consider your topic from six different perspectives, just like a six- sided cube. Cubing involves describing, comparing, associating, analyzing, applying, and arguing for and against an idea.
  4. Freewriting: When you free write, you allow your thoughts to flow freely, putting pen to paper (or dry erase pen on a whiteboard) and writing down whatever comes to mind, or to the minds of the group members.
  5. Listing: In this technique, also known as bulleting, you jot down lists of words or phrases related to a specific topic.
  6. Mapping : With mapping, you list a variety of terms and phrases that branch off from the main topic. 5. Researching: Also known as the journalistic method, this technique involves asking the "big six" questions that journalists use to investigate a story: who, what, when, where, why, and how. LESSON 2: Graphic Organizers "A graphic organizer depicts relationships between facts, concepts, or ideas visually." It is commonly found in schools because it is a pedagogical tool that provides a visual aid to aid learning and instruction. What are the advantages of employing graphic organizers? Graphic organizers are frequently used as prompts for students to construct ideas, organize and/or sequence information, plan what to write, increase reading comprehension, brainstorm, organize problems and solutions, compare and contrast ideas, show cause and effect, and more. Different types of graphic organizers are as follows: Sequence charts or Flow Diagrams, KWL charts, Spider maps, Venn diagrams, Concept maps, Webs, Mind Maps, Organizational Charts, Pie Charts, Graphs like Line and Bar Graphs, and Tables. EX.
  7. Main Idea and Details Organizers - Graphic organizers are pedagogical tools that help you understand and instruct the connotation of things by visually expressing the logic and relationships between items, facts, and concepts.
    1. Compare and Contrast Organizers (Ven Diagram)- Consider using compare and contrast organizers, such as a Venn diagram, if you need to compare and contrast three objects, processes, or events." 3. Sequence Chart- A sequence is a collection of events, actions, numbers, and so on that occur in a specific order and result in a specific outcome.
  8. Spider Map- A spider map graphic organizer is defined as "an organizational tool used to display knowledge in a visual framework that resembles a cobweb."
  9. Storyboard - A storyboard is "a strategy that uses a graphic organizer to help students learn the elements of a book or story."
  10. T- Chart- A T-Chart is possibly the most basic graphic organizer for both teachers and students.
  11. KWL Chart- The letters KWL are an acronym for "what students already know, want to know, and ultimately learn in the course of a lesson."
  1. A bar graph is defined as "a chart that uses bars to show comparisons between data categories." The bars can be horizontal or vertical. "
  2. A table i s defined as "an arrangement of information in rows and columns containing cells that facilitates comparing and contrasting information." Table data is easier to read. LESSON 3: Outlining
  3. What is an outline? Outlines are "usually in the form of a list divided into headings and subheadings that distinguish main points from supporting points."
  4. Topic Sentence Outlines- Two types of outlines are most common: short topic outlines and lengthy sentence outlines.
  5. Formal Outlines- Some teachers ask students to submit formal outlines with their papers. **Here is a common format used in constructing a formal outline: I. (Main Topic) A. (subtopics of I) B.
  6. (subtopics of B)

a. (subtopics of 2) b. i. (subtopics of b) ii. Subtopics are indented so that all letters or numbers of the same type appear directly beneath each other. LG3-patterns of development in writing Development by Description** 1.The purpose of a description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that which is being described.

Narration- The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. kind of logical order, usually chronological. Literature uses narration heavily, but it also can be useful in non-fiction, academic writing for a strong impact. (Note: Below are some of the common transitional expressions used in narrative writing: meanwhile, eventually, soon, later, first, second, then, finally, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, too.) These phrases do call attention to themselves, so it is wise to use logic most of the time to show sequence. Comparison and Contrast The comparison focuses on similarities between things, and contrast focuses on their differences. Comparison and contra st is a thought process that you most likely have gone through many times .note the word “evaluate” Comparison means to identify the ways in which two "different" items are similar. Contrast means to identify the ways in which two "similar" items are different. Definition Definition moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine a word or concept as we actually use and understand it. It also means to explain what something is. Classification- This pattern of development, classification, is the writer’s way of systematically sorting or arranging people, things, or ideas with shared characteristics into classes or groups to come up with a well-organized data or information. Cause and Effect- This method of paragraph development, helps us understand why something happened and tells us what happened. Problem and Solution- This pattern of development specifically dealt with knowing and identifying what the problem is and then providing or presenting a logical and realistic solution to it. Persuasion - In this pattern of development, the main goal of the writer is not only to influence the belief of his readers but also to convince them to have the same perspective towards his presented idea or topic. You may use different techniques to successfully develop this kind of pattern in writing such as; using (a) evidence, (b) presenting examples, and (c) attacking an opposing view. Evidence can create impact and can establish credibility. They may be classified as follows: a. statistics, b. verifiable facts, c. statements of the expert authorities, and d. research findings. Attacking an opposing view is another technique to persuade your readers. LG

Organization- Organization in writing is putting your thoughts into words and arranging them the way

readers will easily understand and remember. COHERENCE AND COHESION- In writing, coherence refers to the unity of an idea written in a paragraph.

Language Use- Language use is the determiner of the tone, style, and clarity of one’s writing. This

refers to the communicative meaning of language.

Six Characteristics of Effective Language Use

1. Concrete and specific, not vague and abstract - Concrete language includes descriptions that create tangible images with details the reader can visualize. 2. Concise, not verbose- Expressing thoughts in a direct, straightforward, and to-the-point manner.

  1. Familiar, not obscure- One of the most important functions of language is to build a sense of commonality with one’s reader. 4. Precise and clear, not inaccurate or ambiguous- Using precise or accurate words in writing is essential.
  2. Constructive, not destructive- Constructive language is giving a somewhat negative message in a positive way.
  3. Appropriately formal- The formality of the language you must when writing must depend on the situation and the relationship between you and the reader. MECHANICS- Mechanics refer to the established rules of written language. Here are some basic rules that you need to understand in order to write effectively. 1. Subject and Verb Agreement a. A singular subject requires a singular verb; a plural subject requires a plural verb. ETC.. NOTE: Pronouns you and I are taken as plural subjects, therefore, should take plural verbs. Expressions like many, a, more than one, the number call for s-form verbs (singular verbs). 2. Tense. This is the attribute of a verb which shows the time of the action, condition, or state of being in relation to the time of speaking or writing. Three Main Tenses: The Past Tense - I walked. The Present Tense - I walk. The Future Tense - I will walk. 3. Voice of the Verb There are two types of voice: active and passive The verb is active voice when the subject is the doer of the action. The verb is passive voice when the subject is the receiver of the action. Examples: Active: The carpenter built the house. (The subject carpenter is the doer of the action built.) Passive: The house was built by the carpenter. (The subject house is the receiver of the action.) Active: He receives a letter. Passive: A letter is received by him.

4. Capitalization

5.Punctuation a. The period (.) is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to be complete and after many abbreviations. b. Use a question mark (?) to indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence. c. The exclamation point (!) is used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis. d. The comma is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence. Additionally, it is used in numbers, dates, and letter writing after the salutation and closing. e. The semicolon (;) is used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship between the clauses than a period would show.

6. Writing Numbers LG

Here are the Critical Reading Strategies that you should know:

What does it mean to annotate? Any action that intentionally interacts with a text to improve the reader's knowledge, recollection, and reaction to the material is referred to as annotating. What is the point of annotating? You may verify that you comprehend what's going on in a book after you've read it by annotating it. Summarizing is condensing someone else’s ideas and putting them into your own shortened form. Paraphrasing is presenting ideas and information in your own words and acknowledging where they come from. Comparing and Contrasting What does it mean to compare? Identifying the similarities between two or more things, concepts, or points of view is referred to as comparing. What exactly is a comparison? Identifying the disparities between two or more things, concepts, or points of view is referred to as contrasting. Considering an Argument A discerning reader should not take everything someone says at face value. SQ3R is a comprehension approach that encourages students to reflect on the text they're reading as they read it. Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review Claims in a Text DISCUSSION PART Before delving into the various assertions in a book, it's crucial to grasp the meaning of the following critical reading ideas and phrases.

Implicit is defined as "implied or understood though not simply or directly articulated." Explicit- "To fully and clearly express something, leaving nothing implied," according to the definition of explicit. Definition of Inference- Inference is the logical process of reaching a conclusion based on existing evidence or premises and generating an opinion or interpretation. Now, we will continue our discussion about the different types of “Claims in a Text” namely:

  1. Claim of Fact- suggests whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict, and conversion. 2. Claim of Value- involves judgments, appraisals, and evaluations. Everyone has a bias of sorts, often embedded in social, religious, and/or cultural values. 3. Claim of Policy- typically provides a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact. Evaluative Statements or Essays Writing evaluative remarks or essays is a technique of providing a better explanation to illustrate the merits and shortcomings of anything in academic writing. There are three parts of evaluative statements:
  2. The judgment or the overall opinion
  3. The criteria or the reasons for the opinion
  4. The evidence to support it Thesis Statement: The excellent story, the captivating scenes, and the engaging plot (plot of the movie) make it a must-see film. The background information informs the reader about the topic being discussed. If it's a book or a movie, this can be a brief overview. Criteria - A criterion (plural: criteria) is a factor that is used to make a choice or make a judgment. Here are examples of criteria: a. Movie criteria : plot, actors, scenery, dialogue, humor, musical score b. Restaurant criteria : food served, service, quality, atmosphere, price
  5. Conclusion – The conclusion restates the thesis statement from the body of the essay. textual evidence- Textual evidence is evidence in the text, whether fiction or non-fiction, that a reader can use to illustrate his or her ideas or support his or his claim or evidence. Types of Textual Evidence
  6. Referencing. This is the act of mentioning someone or something like an event or action in the text. Note: When you first refer to a work, try to incorporate the full name of the author and the title of the text. The subsequent or next reference can use the last name of the author or the title of the text.
  7. Paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is explaining an author’s or someone else’s work using words without losing the original idea of the text. The Paraphrase In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level.
  1. Summarizing. Summarizing is stating the main idea together in fewer words.
  2. Quoting. Quoting is using the exact words from the original text.