WSET LEVEL 2 WINES EXAMS, Exams of Nursing

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A cave cooperative is a winemaking facility shared by a number of grape farmers malolactic fermentation softens harsh acids 2 famous regions in Cote d'Or are Meursalut and Puligny-Montrachet Pouilly-Fuisse is the name of a wine in the Macconais region of Burgundy yarra Valley, adelaide river & margaret river are regions in Australia Sonoma and CArneros are regions in California most well known region in Argentina Mendoza charldonnay grapes can tolerate wide ranges of soils and climates gevrey-chambertin and Nuits-St.Georges are villages known for pinot noir grape growing pfalz and Baden are famous wine regions in Germany bc they produce P.Noir with light body and red berry fruit P.Noir in germany is produced in large volumes New Zealand Pinots are more full bodied with lower acidity and more intense fruit than Burgunday

New Zealand Pinots are grown in Central Otago and Marlborough Australian regions for Pinot Yarra Valley and Mornington Penninsula in Victoria Chile is one of the rare places where inexpensive ___ is produced P.Noir Cab Sauv and Merlot are often blended together bc merlot adds body and softness to the wine typical flavors of cab sauv black fruits (black currant, black cherry,) accompanied by herbaceous notes of bell pepper & mint left bank regions of bordeaux Haut-Medoc, Pauillac, Margaux, Graves, Pessac Leognan Bordeaux Superieure a higher level of alcohol than basic Bordeaux AC Cru Classe chateaux among the worlds most complex long lived wines Coonawarra, Australia produces Cab Sauv with distinctive cassis, mint and eucalyptus bulk production Cab Sauv and merlot are produced in Chili and Southern France Sauv Blanc has strong aromas of elderflower, bell pepper, asparagus in the LOire, S.Blanc is famous in Sancerre, Pouilly-Fume south africa produces sauv blanc in cooler coastal region sof Constantia and Elgin riesling countries Germany, France, Austria, Australia, New Zealand pradikatswein

is categorized by the sugar level in the grapes low to high sugar germany kabinett, spatlese, auslese, bberenauslese, trockenbeerenauslese lightest bodied rieslings in Germany are produced in mosel 2 appellations in alscae Alsace AC and Alsace Grand Cru AC Clare Valley and Eden Valley are famous Riesling regions in Australia Grosses Gewachs is a high quality wine made from P.Noir or riesling and set up by the best producers welschriesling and olaszrisling are varieties unrelated to riesling typical syrah wine is full bodied with aromas of dark fruit and dark chocolate typical grenache light color (but full body), red fruit and spicy notes grenache is widely used for rose in france and spain Cote Rotie and Hermitage are wine regions in northern Rhone where they produce high quality wines Cotes du Rhone and Cote du Rhone Villlage are appellations in southern rhone Chateauneuf-du-pape high quality, famous wine region in the Southern Rhone famous australian wine regions for producing shiraz Hunter VAlley, Mclaren Vale, Barossa Valley classic region for Pinot Gris in France Alsace

pinot gris is grown in these 3 countries New Zealand, Italy, Alsace best pinto grigio wines come from .. trentino-alto adige and Fruiuli-Venezia-Giulia Verdicchio is a white grape variety in the Marche region with high acidity and flavors of lemon, fennel, and bitter almond best examples of VErdicchio are found in VErdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC Trebbiano is used mostly for inexpensive neutral white wines soave and soave classico DOC are white wines from north-east Italy made from garganega GAVI DOCG light white made from Cortese, high acid with notes of green apple and citrus Tlouraine in the Loire valley is a cool climate that produces chenin blanc Chenin Blanc is widely grown in South Africa Muscadet , Loire VAlley produces med body, dry, unoaked whites made from the grape Melon Blanc (light, with neutral fruit and med or high acid) Viognier can be found in NOrthern Rhone, Southern France, Chile, Argentina, Australia, California Rias Baixas in Spain produces fresh white white made from albarino BOrdeaux and Hunter Valley, Australia grow this white grape Semillion gewurztraminer has an aroma profile of flora perfumes as lychee, grape, tropical fruit, sweet spices

well known regions for Gewurstraminer Alsace and New Zealand Torrontes (Argentina) white, aromatic, medium body, dry white, high alcohol medium acidity and pronounced fruity and floral aromas (perfume, grapes, peach) - best examples from Cafayate region in the northern province of Salta, Argentina Beaujolais Nouveau is a very light style of beaujolais released in November following harvest tempranillo most important grape variety for premium spanish red wines douro region in Portugal that produces port and other reds most famous wines from piemonte are Barolo docg and barberesco DOCG Barolo and Barbaresco are made from nebbiolo with high tannins and high acidity Chianti and Chianti Classico are dominated by the Sangiovese grape Amarone complex- full body, dry wine with high tannins, made from partially dried grapes, high alcohol Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine made from montepulciano grape Taurasi DOCG (Campania) made from 100% Aglianico - full body, complex floral, dark fruit aromas, high tannin and acid zinfandel very important black grape for prem. quality wines in California, rich full body, high alcohol, black fruit, dried fruit, sweet spices unripe Carmenere pungent green bell pepper and green beans Malbec

most important grape variety for Argentina the origin of Malbec and Carmenere Bordeaux most plantings for Malbec Mendoza nearly all sparkling wines are made using of of 2 methods bottle or tank 2nd fermentation is achieved by adding sugar and yeast yeast autolysis process that can last for months or years accounting for special flavors the sweetness of trad method sparkling is achieved by the dosage transfer method is not allowed in CHampagne or Cava transfer method is allowed in New Zealand and Australia cava traditional method sparkling wine in spain methode cap classique traditional method in South Africa 2 ways to make sweet wine interrupt fermentation or add sweet component to fortify a wine means to add alcohol part way through the fermentation muscat de beaumes de venise and Rutherglen (australia) are vin doux naturels Sherry achieves its sweetness by adding PX, grape juice and alcohol

concentration of sugar in the grapes can be done by drying the grapes, noble rot, freezing the grapes trockenbeerensausle, sauternes and tokaji are sweet wines, produced by botrytis grapes that are susceptible to noble rot riesling, semillion, Chenin Blanc descriptive terms for aromas of noble rot honey, dried apricot, ryebread, sweet biscuits, cabbage, orange marmalade, pineapple, mushroom Sauternes sweet wine located in the south Graves AC in Bordeaux, Semillon is main grape eiswein flavors very pure, pronounced varietal fruity flavors, high acid, full body, syrupy sweetness Sherry and port town of Jerez de la Frontera in southern Spain and upper Douro in Portugal sherry is a dry wine that can be sweetened after aging from pale to amber to black - sherry FAOPX - Fino, amontillado, olorosso, PX LPV - late bottled vintage similar to reserve ruby but come from a single year's harvest vintage ports aged for short period in large oak vessels, benefit greatly from bottle age tawny ports lighter port, toffee and caramel flavors tawny ports can have an indication of age on the label 10, 20, 30, 40 years - average age, not a minimum The ISO glass (wine glass) can be used for spirits tastings yes right sequence of evaluating spirits is

appearance, nose, palate, conclusions aim of distillation is to separate alcohol from the alcoholic liquid (most of which is water) oak after distillation softens the harsh alcohol found in spirits well known brandies cognac, armagnac tequilla is made from blue agave, in the TEquila region vodka can be produced anywhere in the world with many ingredients main reason for looking at the appearance of a wine can warn us of faults if wine is too old, has been badly stored, or cork seal has failed, allowing air to damage wine, it is described as.. out of condition out of condition wines look like... dull in appearance, a hint of brown, haziness colors that are indication of age in white wines orange, amber and brown color for youth in red wine purple color for youth in white wine green how can out of condition wines smell? dull & stale, may have excessive oxidative aromas (toffee, caramel or sherry) place for sweetness to be most easily detected tip of tongue place for acidity to be tasted

sides of tongue place for bitterness to be detected back of tongue good balance the sweetness, fruitiness , tannin and acidity will be in balance pairing wine with sweet food makes the wine seem to have more bitterness and acidity sweetness in food increases wine bitterness, acidity and burning effect of alcohol acidity in food makes the wine seem more body, sweetness & fruitiness , decreases the perception of acidity in wine pairing wine with salty food makes the wine increase the perception of wine, decreases bitterness and acidity your liver can only break down approx 10 g per hour best temp to serve sweet wine 6-8 Celsius in order to grow and produce healthy grapes, a vine needs.. co2, sunlight, water, warmth & nutrients climate describes the weather conditions we might expect in a typical year sunlight the source of energy that allows the grape to combine co2 and water into sugar climate weather conditions (temps, rainfall, sunshine) we may expect in a typical year. latitude is determine by altitude, latitude and oceans ideal warmth for grapes is not too little, not too much

the most important time of the weather condition is when.. the grapes are ripening. yields influence quality.. lower yields give better quality fermentation temp of white wine 12- sweetness in wine is mostly caused by unfermented sugars in the wine fermentation temp in red wine 20- extraction of colors in red wines can be done by pumping over or punched down skins american oak compared to European oak less expensive with aromas of coconut and vanilla TBA sweet wine affected by noble rot Sweetness in food can make dry wines seem: More drying, more bitter, more acidic. Less sweet and fruity Umami in food can make wines seem: More drying, more bitter, more acidic. Less sweet and fruity Brainpower Read More Salty foods can make wines seem: Less drying, less bitter, less acidic. More fruity, more body Acidic foods can make wines seem: Less drying, less bitter, less acidic. More sweet, more fruity For long term storage of wines, how should wines be stored?

At a cool constant temperature Away from sunshine and bright light If sealed with a cork, bottle should be stored on their side What are the optimal service temperatures for Sweet and Sparkling wines? Sweet wines - well chilled - 6-8° Sparkling wines - well chilled - 6-10° What are the aromas associated with the following faults: Cork Taint Failure of Closure Heat Damage Cork Taint - Damp cardboard, lack of fresh fruit flavours Failure of Closure - Honey, caramel, coffee, lack of freshness and fruitiness Heat Damage - Lack of fruit character and freshness Name the main components of a grape and what they contain: Stalk - Tannins Skin - Tannins, Colour, Flavours Pulp - Sugar, Acid, Water Seeds - Bitter Oils What is photosynthesis? The process where sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are combined to produce sugars What are the five things a vine needs to grow? Warmth, sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients Put the stages of grape formation and ripening in the correct order: Ripening Flowering Extra ripening Fruit set Véraison Flowering Fruit set Véraison Ripening Extra ripening What changes in grapes as they ripen? Grapes swell with water, acidity drops, sugar increases, aromas change, in black grapes tannin ripen What happens to grapes when they are left on the vine for extra ripening?

Grapes build up more sugar and exaggerated ripe aromas. Eventually they turn into raisins as water evaporates. This concentrates sugars, acids and flavours and dried fruit aromas develop What effect does Botrytis/noble rot have on grapes? It makes tiny holes in the skin of the grape which allows water to evaporate. This concentrates sugars, acids and flavours. What are the conditions needed for noble rot to develop? Damp misty mornings followed by warm dry afternoons What is the name given to sweet wines made from frozen grapes? Icewine/Eiswein Between what latitudes are vineyards generally located? 30° and 50° north and south of the equator What affect does altitude have on the temperature of a vineyard? The temperature decreases with altitude What affect do seas have on the temperature of a region? They have a moderating influence What affect can clouds and fog have on the temperature of a vineyard? Clouds block sunlight, fogs cool down vineyards What affect can mountains have on grape growing in vineyards? Mountains can act as a barrier, sheltering vineyards from clouds, rain and wind. This results in sunny summers and long dry autumns What affect do slope and aspect have on grape growing? Slopes facing the equator will receive more heat and light and producer riper grapes What affect do stony soils have on grape growing? Stones absorb heat and make the vineyard warmer, this can help with grape ripening What are problems associated with high levels of rain? High levels of moisture can help spread fungal disease. Rain close to harvest can cause grapes to swell and dilute flavours What happens to vines affected by frost? Spring frost can damage and kill the vine's new growth. This reduces the number of grapes that can be grown

What is the name of the process of adding water to vines? Irrigation What are the names of the sprays used to kill fungi and weeds? Fungicides and herbicides What does 'organic' mean for grape growing? Grapes grown without the use of most chemicals What is the yield? The amount of fruit produced per unit of area What are the options for harvest? Hand harvest or machine harvest What is a GI? Geographical indication - a legally defined vineyard area What is a PDO? Generally small areas with tightly defined regulations What is a PGI? Generally large areas with less strict regulations What happens to vines as they age? Older vines produce a small number of grapes which are more concentrated and complex and can result in higher quality wines What does the vintage on a label of wine refer to? The year in which the grape were harvested What is the French equivalent to PDO and PGI AOC/AOP and IGP What is the Italian equivalent to PDO and PGI DOC/DOCG and IGT What is the Spanish equivalent to PDO and PGI DO/DOCa and Vino de le Tierra What is the German equivalent to PDO and PGI Qualitätswein/Prädikatswein and Landwein

What does crushing do? Splits the grape skins to release some of the juice What does pressing do? Crushed grapes are pressed to extract as much of the liquid as possible What is the process of alcoholic fermentation? Yeast eats sugar to create alcohol. Carbon dioxide and heat are by products. What are the options for vessels for storage or maturation? Stainless steel or oak barrels State the production steps in the correct order for making red wine: Crushing, alcoholic fermentation, draining, pressing, storage or maturation, packaging What are two techniques for extracting colour and tannins from grape skins during red wine fermentation? Punching down and pumping over What are two techniques for making rosé wines? Short maceration and blending State the production steps in the correct order for making white wine: Crushing, pressing, alcoholic fermentation, storage or maturation, packaging What are the 4 methods of making sweet wines? Using grapes with concentrated grape sugars Removing the yeast Killing the yeast Adding sweetness to a dry wine What are the 3 adjustments that winemakers can sometimes use to correct the balance of a wine? Add sugar Add acid Reduce acid What is the typical temperature range for red wine fermentation? 20°C to 32°C What is the typical temperature range for white wine fermentation? 12°C to 22°C What materials are inert winery vessels made from?

Stainless steel or concrete What are two reasons a winemaker would use oak barrels? Oak can add flavours to wine (vanilla, smoke, cedar). Oak can allow flavours of the wine to evolve as a result of interaction with oxygen What are two oak alternatives to using barrels? Oak staves or oak chips What does malolactic conversion do? Lowers the acidity of the wine and can give buttery flavours What is the result of lees contact? Increases the body of the wine and can add flavours such as biscuit and bread What are reasons for blending a wine? Consistency, complexity What does a wine need in order to mature in the bottle? Concentration of flavour, and high acid, tannin or sweetness What climates are best for Pinot Noir production? Cool to moderate What is the typical acidity, tannin and flavour of a Pinot Noir? Acidity - high Tannin - low to medium Flavour - red fruits (strawberry, raspberry, red cherry) What is the climate of Burgundy? Cool to moderate What style of wine would you expect from a red Bourgogne AOC? Light to medium body with low tannins, high acidity, red fruit flavours, not suitable for aging What are the most famous villages for Pinot Noir in the Côte d'Or? Gevrey-Chambertin AOC Nuits-Saint-Georges AOC Beaune AOC Pommard AOC What does 'premier cru' indicate on a wine from Burgundy? A high quality vineyard with south or south-east facing aspect. Wines benefit from concentrated flavours

What does 'grand cru' indicate on a wine from Burgundy? A single vineyard wine of the highest quality. The wines are concentrated and complex with the greatest potential for aging What are the regions in California associated with top quality Pinot Noir production? Los Carneros, Sonoma, Santa Barbara County What are the moderating influences in California that help with the production of top quality Pinot Noir? Morning fogs in Carneros and ocean breezes in Sonoma and Santa Barbara County Outside of California, where is in the USA has a reputation for producing top quality Pinot Noir? Oregon What is the region in Chile that produces very good Pinot Noir? Casablanca Valley What is the moderating factor that allows Walker Bay to produce very good to outstanding Pinot Noir? Strong southerly sea breezes What are the regions in Australia associated with top quality Pinot Noir production? Yarra Valley and Mornington Peninsula What are the factors that mean Central Otago produces New Zealand's most powerful Pinot Noir? It is protected from the sea by mountains, the days are intensely sunny and the nights are cool What is the best climate for Zinfandel production? Warm What is the labelling term used for rosé wines made from the Zinfandel grape in California? White Zinfandel What is the typical level of tannin, body and flavour characteristics you would expect from a California Zinfandel? Medium to high tannin, full body, flavours of blueberry, blackberry, black plum, raisin, prune, vanilla, coffee. Can develop earth and meat flavours in bottle What is the Italian name for the Zinfandel grape? Primitivo What are the best climates for Riesling production? Cool to moderate What difference in flavours would you expect from 'just-ripe' Riesling compared to 'extra-ripe' Riesling?

Just-ripe - apple, pear, lemon, lime Extra-ripe - peach, apricot, mango, pineapple, dried apricots What level of sweetness and acidity can be produced in a Riesling? Sweetness - Dry, off-dry, medium, sweet Acidity - high What are the important regions for Riesling production in Germany? Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz What makes Alsace AOC suitable for Riesling production? Cool climate, protected by the Vosges mountains, dry and sunny with south and south-east facing slopes Put the six Prädikat categories in order from least ripe to most ripe: Kabinett, Spätlese, Auslese, Eiswein, Beerenauslese, Trockenbeerenauslese What are the two regions in Australia associated with Premium Riesling production? Clare Valley and Eden Valley What climates are suitable for Chenin Blanc production? Cool, moderate and warm What is the area of the Loire Valley that produces a variety of styles of Chenin Blanc? Vouvray AOC What does the labelling term 'Demi-Sec' mean on a bottle of Vouvray AOC? The wine has off-dry or medium sweetness What flavours would you expect in a Chenin Blanc produced in South Africa? Pronounced tropical fruit (pineapple, mango) and often flavours from oak (vanilla, smoke) What climates are suitable for Semillon production? Moderate and warm What is the grape variety often blended with Sémillon in white Bordeaux wines? Sauvignon Blanc What is the sub-region of Bordeaux famous for sweet wine production? Sauternes AOC What is the typical acidity, body and flavours in a mature Hunter Valley Semillon?

Acidity - high Body - light Flavours - honey and nuts Where is the Furmint variety grown? Hungary What is the technique used to make the sweet Tokaji Aszú? Noble rot/botrytis What level of sweetness and acidity would you expect in a Tokaji Aszú wine? Sweetness - sweet Acidity - high What climates are suitable for Chardonnay production? Cool, moderate and warm What are the typical flavours of Chardonnay in cool, moderate and warm climates? Cool - apple, pear, lemon, wet stones Moderate - lemon, peach, melon Warm - peach, pineapple, banana What are the three process that can add secondary flavours to Chardonnay? Oak aging, malolactic conversion, lees contact What is the cool climate region in France that produces high quality Chardonnay? Chablis What is the name of the villages of the Côte d'Or famous for producing very good to outstanding quality Chardonnay? Meursault AOC Puligny Montrachet AOC What is the expected body, intensity and flavours from a Napa Valley Chardonnay? Body - full Intensity - pronounced Flavours - pineapple, mango, banana, vanilla What is the large region associated high-volume Chardonnay production in Australia? South Eastern Australia What is the main moderating factor that helps cool vineyards in Adelaide Hills? Altitude

What are the two regions in New Zealand that produce Chardonnay? Marlborough and Hawke's Bay What region of Chile makes Chardonnay in a range of quality levels from inexpensive high-volume brands to outstanding examples? Central Valley What grape variety is often blended with Chardonnay in South Africa to make high volume branded wines? Chenin Blanc What climates are best suited to Sauvignon Blanc production? Cool to moderate What aromas would you expect from a cool climate Sauvignon Blanc? Grass, green bell pepper, asparagus, blossom, apple, gooseberry What labelling term might indicate that a Sauvignon Blanc has been matured or fermented in oak? Barrel aged What are the two regions of the Loire Valley associated with top quality Sauvignon Blanc? Sancerre AOC Pouilly-Fumé AOC What are the two AOCs within Bordeaux associated with very good to outstanding quality dry Sauvignon Blanc based wines, often blended with Sémillon and matured in oak and bottle? Graves AOC Pessac-Léognan AOC What is the region in New Zealand that produces lots of Sauvignon Blanc? Marlborough What are the moderating influences in Constantia and Elgin that make them suitable for Sauvignon Blanc production? Constantia - cooling sea breezes Elgin - altitude What climates are best suited to Pinot Grigio/Pinot Gris production? Cool or moderate What is the typical body and finish for a Veneto IGT Pinot Grigio? Body - light Finish - short

What is typical acidity, body and flavours for an Alsace Grand Cru AOC Pinot Gris? Acidity - medium Body - full Flavours - peach, mango, ginger What does the labelling term 'Vendanges Tardives' mean? Late harvest What climates are best suited to Gewurztraminer production? Cool or moderate What are the typical aroma characteristics of a Gewurztraminer wine? Rose, lychee, peach, apricot Which French region is most famous for Gewurztraminer production? Alsace AOC What climate is best suited to Viognier production? Moderate What is the typical acidity, body and flavour of a Viognier wine? Acidity - low to medium Body - medium to full Flavour - blossom, peach, apricot Which French AOC produces the finest examples of Viognier? Condrieu AOC Which grape variety is grown in Rías Baixas DO? Albariño What winemaking method is sometimes used to add secondary characteristics to an Albariño wine? Lees contact What climates are best suited to Merlot production? Moderate and warm Which grape variety is Merlot often blended with? Cabernet Sauvignon What regions in Bordeaux are often referred to as the 'Left Bank'? Médoc and Graves AOC (including Haut-Médoc AOC, Margaux AOC, Pauillac AOC, Pessac-Léognan AOC)

What regions in Bordeaux are often referred to as the 'Right Bank'? Saint-Émilion and Pomerol What is the difference between Bordeaux AOC and Bordeaux Supérieur AOC? Bordeaux Supérieur has lower yields, longer aging and higher minimum alcohol levels What is the dominant grape variety in a Saint-Émilion wine? Merlot What are two of the smaller AOCs within the Haut-Médoc AOC with a reputation for top quality wine production? Margaux AOC Pauillac AOC What parts of California have a reputation for very good to outstanding Merlot? Napa Valley and Sonoma What is the region in Chile with a reputation for high volume Merlot? Central Valley What is the region in South Africa that has developed a reputation for complex, age-worthy red wines from classic Bordeaux varieties? Stellenbosch What is Merlot often blended with in Margaret River? Cabernet Sauvignon What region in New Zealand produces the most Merlot? Hawke's Bay What climates are best suited to Cabernet Sauvignon production? Moderate and warm What would be the typical acidity, tannin and flavour in a Cabernet Sauvignon wine? Acidity - high Tannin - high Flavour - blackcurrant, herbaceous/herbal What winemaking option is often used to soften the tannins of Cabernet Sauvignon based wines? Oak maturation How might a Cabernet Sauvignon change after several years maturation in bottle?

Softer tannins, tertiary flavours develop (dried fruits, earth, forest floor) What is the soil in Bordeaux best suited to growing Cabernet Sauvignon? Gravel What labelling terms can be used to indicate the best wines from the best Châteaux in Bordeaux? Grand Cru Classé/Cru Classé What labelling term can be used in Bordeaux on very good to outstanding wines that are not classified as Grand Cru Classé? Cru Bourgeois What sub-regions of Napa Valley are famous for producing Cabernet Sauvignon wines that are full- bodied with pronounced ripe-black fruit flavours and high ripe tannins Oakville Rutherford Calistoga What varieties may be blended with Cabernet Sauvignon in Chile? Merlot and Carmenère What region in Australia has a reputation for producing Cabernet Sauvignon wines with a distinct herbal characteristic? Coonawarra What climates are best suited to Syrah/Shiraz production? Moderate and warm What flavours would you expect from a moderate climate Syrah? Fresh black fruit (black cherry, blackberry), herbal and black pepper What flavours would you expect from a warm climate Shiraz? Cooked black fruits and liquorice What is the key natural factor that helps Syrah grapes to ripen in vineyards in the Northern Rhône? Steep slopes Which grape variety can be co-fermented with Syrah in Côte-Rôtie? Viognier What is the small appellation in the Northern Rhône with a reputation for top quality Syrah wines? Hermitage AOC

Which warm climate region of Australia produces high quality Shiraz wines from some of the world's oldest vines? Barossa Valley What natural factors moderate the temperature of Hunter Valley? Cloud cover and sea breezes What is the most important region for Gamay production? Beaujolais AOC What are the typical acidity, tannins and flavours expected from a Gamay wine? Acidity - high Tannins - low to medium Flavours - red fruit (raspberry, red cherry, red plum) What service temperature is often recommended for Beaujolais wines? Lightly chilled What difference would you expect between a Beaujolais AOC wine and a Beaujolais Villages AOC wine? Beaujolais Villages wines typically have greater flavour intensity and body What is an example of a Beaujolais cru? Fleurie AOC What climate is best suited to Grenache production? Warm What are the typical levels of acidity, tannin and flavour expected from a Grenache wine? Acidity - low Tannin - low to medium Flavour - red fruits (strawberry, red plum, red cherry), sometimes spice (white pepper, liquorice) What grape variety is often blended with Grenache in the Southern Rhône? Syrah What is the Southern Rhone AOC with a reputation for very good to outstanding wines made from Grenache based blends? Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC What type of wine is often produced in Navarra DO? Dry Rosé wines made from Garnacha Which region in Spain produces the most powerful and full-bodied Garnacha-based wine?

Priorat DOCa What two regions in Australia have a reputation for producing premium single varietal and blended Grenache? Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale What acidity, tannin and flavour would you expect from a wine made from Tempranillo? Acidity - medium Tannin - medium Flavours - red fruit (strawberry, red cherry), black fruit (blackberry, black plum) What grape variety is sometimes blended with Tempranillo in Rioja DOCa? Garnacha What are the four labelling terms used in Spain to reflect the style and quality of the wine from least to most aging? Joven, Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva What difference would be expected between a Crianza and Joven Rioja DOCa wine? Crianza will have secondary oak-derived flavours (vanilla, smoke, cedar) What difference would be expected between a Reserva and Gran Reserva Rioja DOCa wine? Gran Reserva wines have the highest minimum aging requirements and will have the most pronounced secondary and tertiary (mushroom, leather, dried fruit) characteristics What is the name of the inland region in Spain famous for very good to outstanding quality wines made from Tempranillo? Ribera del Duero DO What is the country most associated with Carmenère production? Chile What acidity, tannin and flavour would you expect from a wine made from Carmenère? Acidity - high Tannin - high Not fully ripe flavour - green bell pepper, tomato leaf Fully ripe flavour - blackberry Oak - coffee, chocolate What is the country most associated with Malbec production? Argentina What body, tannin and flavour would you expect from a Mendoza Malbec?

Body - full Tannin - high Flavour - blackberry, black plum What is the black grape variety that has been specifically developed for the warm dry climate of South Africa? Pinotage What acidity, tannin and flavour would expect from a wine made from Pinotage? Acidity - high Tannin - medium Flavour - strawberry, raspberry, red cherry What is the term used for South African red wines that blend Pinotage, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and other varieties? Cape Blends What acidity, body and flavours would you expect from a wine made from Cortese? Acidity - high Body - light Flavours - Blossom, apple, pear, lemon What DOCG in Italy produces wines made from Cortese? Gavi DOCG What acidity, body and flavours would you expect from a wine made from Garganega? Acidity - high Body - medium Flavours - apple, pear, lemon, peach What two DOCs produces dry wines made from Garganega? Soave DOC Soave DOC Classico What method for making a sweet wine is used in Recioto di Soave DOCG? Dried grapes - appassimento What acidity, body and flavours would you expect from a wine made from Verdicchio? Acidity - high Body - medium Flavours - apple, pear, lemon, fennel What DOC in Italy produces wines made from Verdicchio?