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WSET LEVEL 3 (WINE & SPIRIT EDUCATION TRUST) CERTIFICATION EXAM 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE, Exams of Winemaking

WSET LEVEL 3 (WINE & SPIRIT EDUCATION TRUST) CERTIFICATION EXAM 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 11/18/2024

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WSET LEVEL 3 (WINE & SPIRIT EDUCATION TRUST) CERTIFICATION EXAM 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 40 0 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ Requirement for age-able wine - CORRECT ANSWER

sufficient level of tannin, acidity and/or alcohol What does fining accomplish - CORRECT ANSWER Clump together wine constituents so they become visible and filterable. Help ensure wine stability What are the methods of clarifying a wine? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Sedimentation, fining and filtration. What are the two methods of filtration? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Depth Filtration using a thick layer of material and surface filtration using a very fine sieve.

What is tartrate stabilization? - CORRECT ANSWER

Chill the wine to below 0C for a short period of time so that tartrate crystals will form and be removed prior to bottling. What wine is susceptible to yeast or bacteria spoilage?

  • CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Wine that hasn't undergone MLF, and wine with low to medium alcohol, low acidity and some residual sugar. Flushing bottle with CO2 or N can... - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>eliminate O2 and reduce oxidization What is gross lees - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>dead yeast cells and grape fragments What is malolactic fermentation? - CORRECT ANSWER

Secondary fermentation that breaks down tart malic acid into softer lactic acid. How does MLF affect wine - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It softens and reduces acidity, creating buttery flavors and producing CO2.

How can MLF be avoided - CORRECT ANSWER

Storage at cool temperature, the use of SO2 and filtering out the bacteria. What is chaptilization? - CORRECT ANSWER Adding sugar from sources other than grapes to a wine. What aromas and flavors does oak provide? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Toast, vanilla, smoke and cloves. Which climate requires more spraying of fungicides - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Maritime due to the high rainfall during growing season. How can you cure vine viruses - CORRECT ANSWER No cure, eradicate by digging up vines and sanitizing the land. Spread through cuttings or nematodes. What is a nematode? - CORRECT ANSWER Microscopic worms that attack the roots of vine, interfering with water and nutrient uptake. It can also transmit vine viruses.

What is green harvesting? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It is a technique to managing yields by removing immature grapes shortly after veraison. What is the suitable planting density for very fertile soil with sufficient rainfall? - CORRECT ANSWER

Low density planting using vines with multiple cordons or canes. What is the suitable planting density for low level of soil nutrients and sufficient rainfall? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>High density with pruning to control the number of buds. What is a spur? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Short sections of one-year-old wood that have been cut down to only two or three buds. What is a cane - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Also called Guyot, it is a longer section of one-year-old wood with between 8-20 buds. Adding sugar from sources other than grapes to a wine. What aromas and flavors does oak provide? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Toast, vanilla, smoke and cloves. Which climate requires more spraying of fungicides - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Maritime due to the high rainfall during growing season. How can you cure vine viruses - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>No cure, eradicate by digging up vines and sanitizing the land. Spread through cuttings or nematodes. What is a nematode? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Microscopic worms that attack the roots of vine, interfering with water and nutrient uptake. It can also transmit vine viruses. What is green harvesting? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It is a technique to managing yields by removing immature grapes shortly after veraison. What is the suitable planting density for very fertile soil with sufficient rainfall? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Low density planting using vines with multiple cordons or canes. What is the suitable planting density for low level of soil nutrients and sufficient rainfall? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>High density with pruning to control the number of buds. What is a spur? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Short sections of one-year-old wood that have been cut down to only two or three buds. What is a cane - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Also called Guyot, it is a longer section of one-year-old wood with between 8-20 buds. What is vertical shoot positioning? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The vine's shoots are trained vertically

and tied onto trellis to form a single narrow canopy. This system keeps the canopy open, well aerated and shade free. What is the serving temperature of sweet wines? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Well chilled at 6-8C What is the serving temperature of medium/full- bodied red wines? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Room temperature at 15-18C What components in food makes a wine taste harder (more astringent, bitter, acidic, less sweet and fruity)?

  • CORRECT ANSWER >>>>umami and sweetness What does salt and acid in food do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Makes a wine taste softer (less astringent, bitter, less acidic, sweeter, more fruity)? What is reduction? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>A wine flaw when a wine doesn't get enough air, volatile sulfur compounds begin to form. Smells of burnt matches, rotten eggs and old cabbage.

What is volatile acidity? - CORRECT ANSWER

Caused by various yeasts and bacteria during winemaking and gives a vinegary taste. Small amounts of VA can add subtle sweet and tangy balsamic qualities that bring complexity to red fruit notes. What is Rectified Concentrated Grape Must? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>RCGM is added during fermentation to increase sugar/alcohol levels. How do you clarify wine before bottling? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Settling, centrifugation, fining and filtration What is the optimal temperature for white wine fermentation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>12-22C High volume, inexpensive whites are usually made with what varieties? - CORRECT ANSWER Chardonnay and Pinot Grigio What is the most common adjustment made to high- volume, inexpensive whites grown in warm or hot region? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Acidification

Why are some whites fermented at cool temperature?

  • CORRECT ANSWER >>>>To retain as much primary fruit aromas and flavors as possible. Characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc - CORRECT ANSWER

Highly aromatic, high acidity, early ripening. Aroma characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc from New Zealand - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>gooseberry, elderflowers, grapefruit and passionfruit. Regions known for high quality Sauvignon Blanc - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Loire Valley (Sancerre & Pouilley Fume); Marlborough NZ; Margaret River, West Australia; Chile; South Africa What is the style of Sauvignon Blanc in Margaret River, West Australia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Blended with Semillon to give a slightly less aromatic but fuller bodied wine.

What is the style of Sauvignon Blanc in Bordeaux? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Fermented and matured partly in oak, and blended with Semillon, to add richness, bodies and spicy toasty notes. Why is Riesling a good wine for colder regions? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It is very tolerant of cold weather and buds late so avoids spring frost. The aroma notes of Riesling - CORRECT ANSWER

Green fruits and floral in colder climate, citrus and stone fruit in warmer climate. Why is Riesling a good choice for sweet wines? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Riesling maintains its acidity levels while accumulating sugar Acidification Why are some whites fermented at cool temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>To retain as much primary fruit aromas and flavors as possible. Characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Highly aromatic, high acidity, early ripening. Aroma characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc from New Zealand - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>gooseberry, elderflowers, grapefruit and passionfruit. Regions known for high quality Sauvignon Blanc - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Loire Valley (Sancerre & Pouilley Fume); Marlborough NZ; Margaret River, West Australia; Chile; South Africa What is the style of Sauvignon Blanc in Margaret River, West Australia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Blended with Semillon to give a slightly less aromatic but fuller bodied wine. What is the style of Sauvignon Blanc in Bordeaux? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Fermented and matured partly in oak, and blended with Semillon, to add richness, bodies and spicy toasty notes. Why is Riesling a good wine for colder regions? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It is very tolerant of cold weather and buds late so avoids spring frost. The aroma notes of Riesling - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Green fruits and floral in colder climate, citrus and stone fruit in warmer climate. Why is Riesling a good choice for sweet wines? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Riesling maintains its acidity levels while accumulating sugar What are the ways to concentrate grape sugars to make sweet wines? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Noble rot, drying grapes on the vine, drying grapes after picking, freezing grapes. Name some of the wines made using noble rot: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Sauternes, tokaji,

beerenauslesen and Trockenbeerenauslesen from Germany and Alsace What are the conditions for noble rot? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Fully ripen grapes, humid morning mists, sunny dry afternoons. What are the aromas of wines made from noble rot? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Honey, apricot, citrus zest and dried fruits. What is passerillage? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Drying or shriveling on the vine of healthy grapes What is passito? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The drying of grapes for a period of time prior to fermentation What style of riesling does Alsace specializes in? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Dry Which regions in Australia are known for their riesling? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Clare and Eden Valleys, for their bone dry, high acidity rieslings with aromas of lime.

What is a foudre? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Large old oak barrel used for fermentation in Northern Rhone and Alsace How is the creamy, spicy style of Fume Blanc in California achieved? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Barrel fermentation with several months on lees for MLF. What are the aromas of Chardonnay in different climates? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Cool climate - green fruit and citrus Moderate climate - fleshy fruit such as peach and melon Warm climate - tropical fruits such as banana and pineapple Premium chardonnay regions in U.S. - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Russian River Valley and Los Carneros Premium Chardonnay regions in Australia - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Adelaide Hills, Geelong and Mornington Peninsula Characteristics of pinot gris from Alsace - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Dry or off dry, medium acidity, often

with an oily texture, ripe tropical fruit flavors and a hint of ginger and honey. What regions in Italy are known for high quality Pinot Grigio? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Alto Adige, Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia What is cold maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER

Also called cold soaking, grapes are left to macerate at low temperature after being crushed and before fermentation starts, to extract color and flavor compounds. Fermentation temperature of red wine - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>20-32 C Yeast may be killed if fermentation temperature is too high at - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>35C Large old oak barrel used for fermentation in Northern Rhone and Alsace How is the creamy, spicy style of Fume Blanc in California achieved? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Barrel fermentation with several months on lees for MLF. What are the aromas of Chardonnay in different climates? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Cool climate - green fruit and citrus Moderate climate - fleshy fruit such as peach and melon Warm climate - tropical fruits such as banana and pineapple Premium chardonnay regions in U.S. - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Russian River Valley and Los Carneros Premium Chardonnay regions in Australia - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Adelaide Hills, Geelong and Mornington Peninsula Characteristics of pinot gris from Alsace - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Dry or off dry, medium acidity, often with an oily texture, ripe tropical fruit flavors and a hint of ginger and honey. What regions in Italy are known for high quality Pinot Grigio? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Alto Adige, Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia What is cold maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Also called cold soaking, grapes are left to macerate at low temperature after being crushed and before fermentation starts, to extract color and flavor compounds. Fermentation temperature of red wine - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>20-32 C Yeast may be killed if fermentation temperature is too high at - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>35C What is a cap? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a thick mass of pulp and skins on the surface of fermenting wine How can the cap be managed? - CORRECT ANSWER punching down, pumping over, rack and return, rotary fermenters

What is punching down? - CORRECT ANSWER

Punching the cap down using paddles Cool climate - green fruit and citrus Moderate climate - fleshy fruit such as peach and melon Warm climate - tropical fruits such as banana and pineapple Premium chardonnay regions in U.S. - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Russian River Valley and Los Carneros Premium Chardonnay regions in Australia - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Adelaide Hills, Geelong and Mornington Peninsula Characteristics of pinot gris from Alsace - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Dry or off dry, medium acidity, often with an oily texture, ripe tropical fruit flavors and a hint of ginger and honey. What regions in Italy are known for high quality Pinot Grigio? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Alto Adige, Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia What is cold maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Also called cold soaking, grapes are left to macerate at low temperature after being crushed and before fermentation starts, to extract color and flavor compounds. Fermentation temperature of red wine - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>20-32 C Yeast may be killed if fermentation temperature is too high at - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>35C What is a cap? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a thick mass of pulp and skins on the surface of fermenting wine How can the cap be managed? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>punching down, pumping over, rack and return, rotary fermenters What is punching down? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Punching the cap down using paddles (traditionally hand held, now mechanical). This method is very effective in extracting tannin and flavor and is widely practiced. What can pumping over achieve? - CORRECT ANSWER Extraction of tannin and flavor components from the cap (pulp and skin) as well as dissipating heat and oxygenating the wine. Adelaide Hills, Geelong and Mornington Peninsula Characteristics of pinot gris from Alsace - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Dry or off dry, medium acidity, often with an oily texture, ripe tropical fruit flavors and a hint of ginger and honey. What regions in Italy are known for high quality Pinot Grigio? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Alto Adige, Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia What is cold maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Also called cold soaking, grapes are left to macerate at low temperature after being crushed and before fermentation starts, to extract color and flavor compounds. Fermentation temperature of red wine - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>20-32 C Yeast may be killed if fermentation temperature is too high at - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>35C What is a cap? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a thick mass of pulp and skins on the surface of fermenting wine How can the cap be managed? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>punching down, pumping over, rack and return, rotary fermenters What is punching down? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Punching the cap down using paddles (traditionally hand held, now mechanical). This method is very effective in extracting tannin and flavor and is widely practiced. What can pumping over achieve? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Extraction of tannin and flavor components from the cap (pulp and skin) as well as dissipating heat and oxygenating the wine. What is a rotary fermenter? - CORRECT ANSWER Rotating horizontal tanks that keep the juice in constant contact with the skins. What are press fractions? - CORRECT ANSWER Wine extracted during different stage of pressing. Earlier fractions will be similar to free run juice, later fractions have more tannin and deeper color. What are the characteristics of wine using carbonic fermentation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Lower tannin, lighter color, malic acid is broken down, so the wine is

soft with refreshing fresh fruity aromas and distinctive notes of banana and bubble gum What region popularizes carbonic maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Beaujolais What is carbonic maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER

Whole grapes are fermented in a co2 rich environment prior to crushing. Intercellular fermentation occurs and at 2% alcohol the skin splits and the juice is released. The grapes are pressed and yeast then complete the fermentation. This method extracts color but little tannin, producing a wine that is soft and fruity with aroma of kirsch, banana, bubble gum and cinnamon. What are the 3 forms of whole bunch fermentation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Carbonic maceration, semi- carbonic maceration and whole bunches with crushed fruit. What is semi-carbonic maceration? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>No added CO2, but vat is filled with whole bunches. The weight crushes bottom bunches, juice released

ambient yeast ferments juice, produces CO intracellular fermentation occurs, followed by pressing then normal fermentation. Results: extracts color with little tannin like Carbonic maceration, but provides better aroma integration, fresher fruit characters. What is whole bunches with crushed fruit fermentation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Whole bunches are submerged by the crushed grapes, no oxygen, intercellular maceration. The whole bunches are progressively crushed, as the cap is regularly punched down. Gives the wine a silkier texture and a brighter, fresh fruit character. What red wines are used for high volume, inexpensive red and why? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Cab, merlot, syrah and Gernache. They are suited for warm or hot climate, and their concentration of colors, tannins and flavors in their skin means they can provide fruity wines with adequate at even high yields. Why is pinot noir rarely used in high volume, inexpensive wines? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It is hard to grow, prefers cool climate, and it can be difficult to

extract enough color and tannins when grow at high yields. What are some general practices in producing high- volume, inexpensive red wine? - CORRECT ANSWER

These wine are generally low tannin and fruity. Common practices:

  • destemmed and crushed upon arrival
  • tartaric acid added to raise acidity
  • commercial yeast
  • ferment at 22-25C to maximize fresh fruit flavor
  • Cap is not heavily worked
  • No post fermentation maceration as it ties up vat space and time and increase tannin
  • carbonic or semi-carbonic maceration
  • oak aging with staves/chips or only for months in 2nd or 3rd use barrels
  • stabilized, fined and sterile filtered before bottling
  • SO2 reduce oxidation Regions known for Cab in new world - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Napa Coonawarra and Margaret River in Australia Hawke's Bay in New Zealand Stellenbosch in S Africa

Colchagua Valley in Chile Is cab usually fermented with stems? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>No, the stems of this variety often give a herbaceous and astringent character to the wine and are therefore discarded. Fermentation temperature for premium cab? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>26-30C Name the 3 ways in making rose - CORRECT ANSWER

Direct pressing (black grapes crushed and pressed same as white wine production), short maceration (crush and macerate, juice drained and ferment at cold temperature), blending (not allowed in EU) Describe the "international style" of merlot - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>harvest as late as possible, intense purple color, concentrated blackberry and plum fruit, soft, velvety tannin matured in new oak for toasty flavor Describe the Bordeaux style of Merlot - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Harvest earlier, Medium body and alcohol

Higher acidity, More fresh red fruit characters some vegetal, leafy notes What is the requirement for DOC? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The wine is subjected to geographical boundaries as well as limitations on grape varieties and production methods. What is the requirement for DOCG? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>In addition to meeting all DOC requirements, wine musst be bottled in the area of production and subjected to a Ministry of Agriculture tasting. What is Pergola Training? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>A trellising system common in Italy. The vine canopy is trained high with the fruit hanging below a horizontal canopy of leaves. It protects the grapes from sunburns and allows air to flow, preventing rot. Italy's northern most wine region - CORRECT ANSWER

Alto Adige

What are the white wines of Alto Adige? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Most notable is Pinot Grigio. Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay and Pinot Blanc are also grown. What are the red wines of Alto Adige? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Mostly Schiava, which is a light fruity red with low to medium tannin and flavors of raspberries and plums. What is the geographic influence in northern Italy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The Alps shelter the vineyards from rain. Rivers, eg. Po and lakes eg. Garda provide moderating influence. More rain near the coast. What are the common black and white grapes of Trentino? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>White: Pinot Grigio and Chardonnay Red: Merlot and Teroldego What is the climate of Friuli-Venezia Giulia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Moderate continental in the north, warm maritime near the coast.

Which region in Italy produces some of the richest Pinot Grigio? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Medium to full body with juicy peach and tropical fruit flavors. What are the most common grapes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Black: Merlot. White: PG What's the native white grape of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Friulano. Med

  • high acidity, med body and aromas of pear, red apples and herbs. What regions in Friuli-Venezia Giulia produces premium white? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Collio DOC and Colli Orientali DOC Wine from the plains of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is usually labeled as - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Friuli Grave DOC Which regions does Prosecco comes from? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Mostly Veneto but also some from Friuli-Venezia Giulia

What is the largest DO in Spain - CORRECT ANSWER

La Mancha All grapes in Italy are high acidity except - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Primitivo The Alps shelter the vineyards from rain. Rivers, eg. Po and lakes eg. Garda provide moderating influence. More rain near the coast. What are the common black and white grapes of Trentino? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>White: Pinot Grigio and Chardonnay Red: Merlot and Teroldego What is the climate of Friuli-Venezia Giulia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Moderate continental in the north, warm maritime near the coast. Which region in Italy produces some of the richest Pinot Grigio? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Medium to full body with juicy peach and tropical fruit flavors. What are the most common grapes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Black: Merlot. White: PG What's the native white grape of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Friulano. Med - high acidity, med body and aromas of pear, red apples and herbs. What regions in Friuli-Venezia Giulia produces premium white? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Collio DOC and Colli Orientali DOC Wine from the plains of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is usually labeled as - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Friuli Grave DOC Which regions does Prosecco comes from? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Mostly Veneto but also some from Friuli-Venezia Giulia What is the largest DO in Spain - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>La Mancha All grapes in Italy are high acidity except - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Primitivo What is the climate of Trention? - CORRECT ANSWER Continental with maritime influence. Pre-fermentation maceration with Pinot Noir - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Helps maximize color and flavor extraction Pinot Noir is often fermented at what temperature - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Above 30C to enable more color, flavor and tannin to be extracted for longer- aged wines. Is post-fermentation maceration used in Cab? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>In premium Cab it is used to encourage a more gentle extraction of tanning and to soften existing tannins.

What are the characteristics of Grenache grapes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Late-ripening, warm climate, high tolerance for drought. Sweet, thin skinned grapes Produces wines that are high in alcohol, low in acidity, full bodied with soft tannins and red fruit flavors. What is the most widely planted variety in S Rhone? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Grenache What are the 3 types of wine producers? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Co-ops, merchants and estates What is the French term for PGI (Protected Geographical Indication)? - CORRECT ANSWER

IGP (Indication geographique protegee), often used in place of Vin de Pays. Mostly Veneto but also some from Friuli-Venezia Giulia What is the largest DO in Spain - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>La Mancha All grapes in Italy are high acidity except - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Primitivo What is the climate of Trention? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Continental with maritime influence. Pre-fermentation maceration with Pinot Noir - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Helps maximize color and flavor extraction Pinot Noir is often fermented at what temperature - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Above 30C to enable more color, flavor and tannin to be extracted for longer- aged wines. Is post-fermentation maceration used in Cab? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>In premium Cab it is used to encourage a more gentle extraction of tanning and to soften existing tannins. What are the characteristics of Grenache grapes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Late-ripening, warm climate, high tolerance for drought. Sweet, thin skinned grapes Produces wines that are high in alcohol, low in acidity, full bodied with soft tannins and red fruit flavors. What is the most widely planted variety in S Rhone? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Grenache What are the 3 types of wine producers? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Co-ops, merchants and estates What is the French term for PGI (Protected Geographical Indication)? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>IGP (Indication geographique protegee), often used in place of Vin de Pays. What are the three main irrigation techniques? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Drip irrigation (most advanced and expensive) Sprinklers (also for frost protection. Cheaper, waste water, damp conditions) Flood Irrigation (vineyards that are flat or v gentle sloping)

Spring frost can be prevented by - CORRECT ANSWER

Heaters, wind machines, sprinklers and Helps maximize color and flavor extraction Pinot Noir is often fermented at what temperature - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Above 30C to enable more color, flavor and tannin to be extracted for longer- aged wines. Is post-fermentation maceration used in Cab? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>In premium Cab it is used to encourage a more gentle extraction of tanning and to soften existing tannins. What are the characteristics of Grenache grapes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Late-ripening, warm climate, high tolerance for drought. Sweet, thin skinned grapes Produces wines that are high in alcohol, low in acidity, full bodied with soft tannins and red fruit flavors. What is the most widely planted variety in S Rhone? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Grenache What are the 3 types of wine producers? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Co-ops, merchants and estates What is the French term for PGI (Protected Geographical Indication)? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>IGP (Indication geographique protegee), often used in place of Vin de Pays. What are the three main irrigation techniques? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Drip irrigation (most advanced and expensive) Sprinklers (also for frost protection. Cheaper, waste water, damp conditions) Flood Irrigation (vineyards that are flat or v gentle sloping) Spring frost can be prevented by - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Heaters, wind machines, sprinklers and thoughtful vineyard design How can thoughtful vineyard design prevent spring frosts? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Plant vineyard on slopes and avoid depressions in which cold air can collect. Vines can be trained high. What is the effect of Gulf Stream on Bordeaux? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The warming ocean current extends the growing season: spring frost is rarely a problem and grape ripening extends into October. Vineyards in Bordeaux is protected from the worst of the Atlantic storms by - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The Landes forest and the coastal sand dunes Why is Bordeaux wine usually a blend? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The different varieties flower and ripen at different times, meaning that one bad frost or heavy shower will not ruin an entire crop.

What makes Cab the dominant grape in Haut-Medoc, Bas-Medoc and Graves? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The high stone/gravel content of the soils here raises vineyard temperature and allows the grapes to reliably ripen. Why is merlot the prominent grape on the right bank?

  • CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Merlot can successfully grown in the cooler clay soils found there, where Cab would struggle to ripen. What is the characteristics of Petit Verdot in Bordeaux? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>It ripens only fully in very hot years, and has a minor role in blending to add tannin, color and some spicy notes. What are the major white grapes of Bordeaux? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Semillon: thin skin, affinity for noble rot, used for sweet and to add body in dry white from Pessac Leognan and Graves. Sauvignon Blanc: As varietal dry white or blended to provide acidity. Muscadelle: grapey, aromatic, for blends.

What is Cru Bourgeois? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>A classification to chateaux in Medoc not included in the 1855 classification. It is awarded to specific vintages and new vintages must be submitted each year to gain classification. What is the classification system of St Emillion? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The classification system is integrated into the appellation system. Within the St Emillion Grand Cru appellation, there is Grand Cru Classe, Premier Grand Cru Classe A and B. Where do the best wines in St Emillion come from? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The Plateau to the north and west of town with warm, well-drained gravel and limestone soil, and on the escarpment to the south and east with clay limestone soil What are the characteristics of wine from St Emillion?

  • CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Soft and rich mouthfeel with complex red berry fruit and plum aromas, developing tobacco and cedar notes. Med to high tannin.

Which appellations share the name Cotes de Bordeaux? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Blaye, Cadillac, Castillon and Francs. Which Bordeaux appellations are permitted to product dry white wines? - CORRECT ANSWER

Entre-deux-Mers, Graves and Pessac-Leognan (the best). All others must be sold under the generic Bordeaux appellation. What is the characteristics of dry wine from Pessac- Leognan? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Blends of SB and Semillon, fermented or matured at least partly in new oak, med-full body with toasty oak flavors. Where is Barsac? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>A village within Sauternes, on the west bank of Garonne, that has its own appellation. Known for its sweet white made from Semillon, SB and Muscadelle. What is the characteristics of Sauternes sweet white? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>High in alcohol, sweet yet balanced by high acidity. Apricot and citrus peel aromas of noble rot, notes of toast and vanilla from oak fermentation and/or maturation.