Download Growth and Development: Questions and Answers for XNB177 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Why study growth and development? (5) - CORRECT ANSWERS To know - what is normal, the variability in development for specific ages, when peak maturation occurs, how do design specific sports equipment for the ages and sexes, what to expect for specific skills from specific ages Why study ageing? (4) - CORRECT ANSWERS To know - at what age is peak physiological performance for specific tasks, the rate of performance decline, influence of exercise on performance decline, the risk factors for increased mortality rate Define growth - CORRECT ANSWERS Growth is the increase in the size of the body as a whole, or specific parts of the body. Define maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of becoming mature, pertains to whole body, body parts or specific systemic physiological function. Define development. What are the to types? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Biological Development: the differentiation of cells to the onset of full function.
- Behavioural Development: Intellectual, cognitive or social development. CAN include motor movement / competence. Define Biological development - CORRECT ANSWERS Biological Development: the differentiation of cells to the onset of full function Define Behavioral development - CORRECT ANSWERS Behavioural Development: Intellectual, cognitive or social development. CAN include motor movement / competence. Define physical performance - CORRECT ANSWERS An extension of motor development, where motor skills are assessed by their level of execution.
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What are the differences between basic movement patterns, complex movement patterns and sport - CORRECT ANSWERS Basic movement patterns are crawling walking and running, Complex movement patterns are swimming kicking and catching, Sport can combine many movements together creating even more complex patterns Define Physical activity - CORRECT ANSWERS Physical activity is body movement causing substantial increases in energy expenditure Define exercise - CORRECT ANSWERS Exercise is quality physical activity that when performed regularly can improve components of physical fitness Define physical fitness. What are the two categories? - CORRECT ANSWERS A set of attributes a person has or achieves relating to the ability to perform physical activity. Physical Fitness - Skill related Physical Fitness - Health related What are examples of skill related physical fitness? (6) - CORRECT ANSWERS Agility, Speed, Power, Coordination, Balance, Reaction Time What are examples of health related physical fitness? - CORRECT ANSWERS Cardio respiratory endurance, Body composition, Musculoskeletal fitness (Flexibility, Muscular strength, muscular endurance) Outline when these groups occur Prenatal, Infancy, Childhood, Early childhood, Middle childhood, Adolescence - CORRECT ANSWERS Prenatal - foetal development in the womb, Infancy - 1st birthday to 1st year of life, Early childhood - pre school years,
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When does sexual differentiation occur? Whats the process during this? - CORRECT ANSWERS Sexual differentiation occurs between weeks 7-8 during transition from embryo to fetus. If there is no y chromosome no signal for testes differentiation and so foetal development is unchanged leading to feminization as the normal progression of growth and development, male development is ultimately hormone dependent What are the two types of twins - CORRECT ANSWERS Monozygotic - single fertilize ovum that splits and dizygotic - two fertilized ovum What is the average fetal birth weight? - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.4kg Explain fetal body comp as they develop? (mass, fat, water, minerals) - CORRECT ANSWERS Mass increases the whole time, fat slow then exponential increase, water opposite of fat, minerals constantly increasing Why is fetal motor activity important? - CORRECT ANSWERS Fetal movement is essential for continued development of brain, nerves muscles and joints What are two indirect determinants of birth weight? - CORRECT ANSWERS Maternal age and socio economic Sequence the following in their correct time-line order. Stem-cell differentiation Blastocyte Implantation to uterine wall Morula
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Fertilized egg Ovum Cell division - CORRECT ANSWERS Ovum, Fertilized egg, Cell division, Morula, Blastocyte, Implantation into uterine wall, Stem-cell differentiation Define Anthropometry - CORRECT ANSWERS Anthropometry is the measurement of the body and body parts What are some measures of anthropometry? - CORRECT ANSWERS Body weight, Body height (stature), sitting height, skeletal breadths, limb circumference, waist hip, BMI Define Validity - CORRECT ANSWERS When what is measured is accurate. A valid measurement is usually reliable. Define reliability - CORRECT ANSWERS A test which yields the same results time after time is reliable. Incorrect or not. True or false - a valid instrument will always be reliable? - CORRECT ANSWERS True - a valid instrument will always be reliable
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What is ratio scaling? Example - CORRECT ANSWERS Ratio scaling is a simple correction for body mass or lean body mass - e.g. VO2max absolute vs relative What is allometric scaling? - CORRECT ANSWERS Allometric scaling is used to label the correction of a variable when the relationship between the measured and correcting variable is not linear What is somatotype? - CORRECT ANSWERS Somatotype is a generic observation of the extent to which a persons body type conforms to a basic type What are the 3 categories of somatotype? Define them and what order are they in for scoring?
- CORRECT ANSWERS Endomorphy, Mesomorphy, Ectomorphy Normal body composition for males and females? - CORRECT ANSWERS Males 45% muscle tissue, 3% essential fat, 12% non-essential fat, 15% bone, 25% other. Females 36% muscle tissue, 12% essential fat, 15% nonessential fat, 12% one, 25% other Acceptable BF% for males and females? - CORRECT ANSWERS Males - 18-25%, Female - 25- 31% True or False - skin fold equations calculate BF% - CORRECT ANSWERS False - skin fold equations only calculate body density further equations required to calculate BF% Explain the process of BIA and impact of more fat or lean mass - CORRECT ANSWERS BIA has a high frequency and a low frequency current that passes through the body the more lean tissue in the body, the less impedance, the more fat tissue, the greater the impedance/resistance to the flow of current - then uses calculations based of height, gender, weight to calculate BF%
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Process of UWW - CORRECT ANSWERS UWW requires the client to be submerged in water, expel all air in lungs hold breath and then measure UWW Explain the process of long bone growth - CORRECT ANSWERS Long bone grow from each end out so we have new deposition in the cartilaginous area in the epiphyseal plate. The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage layer at the distal end of long bones which causes the deposition of added cartilaginous tissue which progressively becomes more ossified and has more bone mineral added to it and the cartilagenous cells over time convert to true bone tissue pushing each end out True or false - without loading of bone we have a loss of bone mineral content and increased risk of fracture - CORRECT ANSWERS True True or false - men are at a greater risk of osteoporosis and osteopina then women - CORRECT ANSWERS False - women especially post menopausal women are at a greater risk then men What is Wolff's Law - CORRECT ANSWERS Wolff's law is that bone will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands place on them Outline the bone remodeling cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS Stressed -> re absorption (osteoclasts) ->reversal -> formation (osteoblasts) Explain osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity - CORRECT ANSWERS Osteoclasts remove a portion of the bone to be replaced later by the action of osteoblasts which signals bone formation. Osteoblasts lay down collagen and mineral deposits over the area previously remodeled by osteoclasts and maintains BMD and strength How many weeks after conception does fetal bone development begin? - CORRECT ANSWERS Fetal bone development begins 6-8 weeks after conception
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What is surfactant and what is its roles? - CORRECT ANSWERS Surfactant is a phospholipid that causes a layering over alveoli which which lowers surface tension and so resistance to expand True or False - premature infants are at risk of not having enough surfactant - CORRECT ANSWERS True - premature infants are a risk of not having enough surfactant produced What is spirometry? - CORRECT ANSWERS Siprometery is the measurement of lung volume and capacity What is residual volume and what are 2 benefits? - CORRECT ANSWERS Residual volume is the air still remaining after the lungs after complete exhalation caused by the restriction of air ways. Two benefits are it stops the lung from collapsing and allows for constant gas exchange to occur Outline fetal heart development - CORRECT ANSWERS Starts off as two blood vessels (20 days) which form (22 days). 2 chambers for (24 days) and development of 4 chambers occurs from weeks 4 through 8 What are the 2 holes in a fetal heart and where are they? - CORRECT ANSWERS The two holes in the fetal heart are the Foramen Ovale which is in the right atrium and the Ductus Arteriosus which is between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta True or false - the infant does not use their lungs for the first time until after they are born - CORRECT ANSWERS True - it is not until after birth that the lungs are used for the first time in the infant What is the purpose of the holes and what causes them to close? - CORRECT ANSWERS The holes are there to allow the fetal heart to develop muscle, form valves and chambers in a low pressure environment. At birth changes in hormonal environment and pressure within the CV system cause the foramen oval and ductus arterosus to close
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Outline some factors that effect motor development - CORRECT ANSWERS body size/proportions, genetics immediate environment, body comp, pre and postnatal movements Define gross motor skills - CORRECT ANSWERS Gross motor skills require movement of the whole body Define fine motor skills - CORRECT ANSWERS Fine motor skill are those that require precision and dexterity. Define motor development - CORRECT ANSWERS Motor development involves the acquisition and development of these activities and skills Outline the NS - CORRECT ANSWERS CNS - brain and spinal chord - integrative control center, PNS - communication between CNS and body - peripheral nerves (cranial and spine), Sensory - sensory neurons that conduct signal from receptors to CNS, Motor - motor neurons that conduct signals from CNS to the body, Autonomic NS - controls involuntary responses, Somatic NS - controls voluntary responses, Sympathetic - flight or fight, Parasympathetic - rest and digest Where is the motor cortex and somatosensory located in the brain - CORRECT ANSWERS The motor cortex is located in the pre central gyrus and the somatosensory cortex is located in the post central gyrus Outline the role of the motor and somatosensory cortex in movement - CORRECT ANSWERS Movement that involves conscious thinking comes from the primary motor cortex in the pre- central gyrus. Information is sent back from afferent nerves to the somatosensory cortex in the post central gyrus - brain identifies what part of the body is being touched/ moved/ etc.
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True or false - Muscle contraction is the main cause of increased ATP demand in skeletal muscle
- CORRECT ANSWERS True - muscle contraction is the main cause of increase in ATP production The design and function of skeletal muscle metabolism is to... - CORRECT ANSWERS As ATP is stored in small quantities in the muscle the deign and function of muscle metabolism is to regenerate and meet the demand for ATP as best as possible 3 types of ATP generation and their fuel sources? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Phosphagen system
- forming of ATP from creatine phosphate or from two ADP molecules, 2. Glycolysis - blood glucose or glycogen, 3. Mitochondrial respiration - o2 in the mitochondria True or false creatine kinase is the most immediate means to regenerate ATP - CORRECT ANSWERS True - creatine kinase is the most immediate means to regenerate ATP because of immediate changes in ATP and ADP concentrations Outline the phosphagen system - CORRECT ANSWERS The phosphagen system is the regeneration of ATP via the transfer of phosphagen through one of two reactions - creatine kinase (CrP + ADP + H+ -> ATP + Cr) or adenylate kinase (ADP + ADP -> ATP + AMP) reaction Higher intensity exercise using glycolysis is more reliant on ... where as lower intensity glycolysis is more reliant on ... - CORRECT ANSWERS Higher intensity exercise is more dependent on glycogen where as lower intensity is more reliant on blood glucose True or false all ATP regeneration from glycolysis occurs in phase II and amounts to 4 ATP for every pyruvate produced - CORRECT ANSWERS True all ATP regeneration from glycolysis occurs in phase II and amounts to 4 ATP for every pyruvate produced
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What are the two benefits of the of muscle lactate production? - CORRECT ANSWERS The two benefits of muscle lactate production is that it consumes a hydrogen ion which retards the development of acidosis and it regenerates cytolic NAD+ Explain the process of the ETC - CORRECT ANSWERS The concentration gradient formed within the intra-membranous space during the electron transport chain allows movement of this metabolite down a specific channel, providing energy to add a Pi to an ADP to form ATP What is the final electron receiver in the ETC - CORRECT ANSWERS The final electron receiver in the ETC is molecular oxygen (1/2 02) True or False - more CO2 is produced from CHO catabolism than FAT catabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS True - more co2 is produced from CHO catabolism than FAT catabolism True or false - not all women need to consult their health care provider about exercise during and after pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWERS False - all women should consult their health care provider about exercise during and after pregnancy What are 2 pre screening tools that can be administered to pregnant women - CORRECT ANSWERS 2 pre-screening tools that can be administered to pregnant women is the PARmed-X and the ESSA pre-screening tool What determines the strength of a muscle contraction? - CORRECT ANSWERS The number of Motor Units recruited. Why is it important to be meticulous when assessing / making assessments? - CORRECT ANSWERS The method used during assessments can drastically impair the accuracy of the measurement. A valid measure can become invalid and result in compromised data.
