Final Review Cards | POLS 2998 - Political Issues, Quizzes of Political Science

Download Final Review Cards | POLS 2998 - Political Issues and more Quizzes Political Science in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 clientelism DEFINITION 1 The exchange of material goods for political support {Vote buying is one (inefficient) form of clientelism Parties have a credibility problem: will they ever deliver in the future? Thus most true clientelist systems not only buy votes but engage clients in long-term relationships} TERM 2 What are some handouts that parties make? DEFINITION 2 Protection Social programs Land / titles Contracts Jobs Credit Materials (construction / work) Judges / rule of law Subsidies Food Medicine Appliances Healthcare Policies (subsidies / regulation) Selective enforcement (Russia) Utilities Schools and hospitals TERM 3 What kinds of individuals receive clientelist benefits? DEFINITION 3 -Poor voters may prefer the short-term guarantee -Effective to build a small cohesive coalition or a very huge diverse one Right wing (wealthy) parties use less clientelism Better said: Give out fewer jobs but these jobs are high paying TERM 4 Why does clientelism require parties monitor voters? DEFINITION 4 to ensure that corrupt and shady practices (such as vote- buying) are not present in determining the outcome of an election {Politicians are not taking money, they are giving it Often correlated with corruption Money from rich and the state distributed to poor supporters} TERM 5 How does monitoring take place (think about both monitoring voters and monitoring geographic units DEFINITION 5 Violate the actual secrecy of the voter booth: -Public voting (U.S.), Party printed ballots -Machinery to discourage split ballot -Special assistance, Cell phone cameras?, Ballot chains --(Egypt), Folded ballots (Argentina), Marking strategy (Taiwan), -look them in the eye Create impression of monitoring: -Rides to polling place, Partisan poll workers -Have voting held at partisan sites TERM 6 What is charisma? DEFINITION 6 2 seperate types: 1)regular "nice guy" (personal/ competent) 2) god-like appeal (legitimacy and style/presentation) *leaders usually rise up during crisis (i.e. Chavez, Fujimori) *impacts personal politics/ party organization and weakens political institutions TERM 7 charisma continued... DEFINITION 7 Key principle is that legitimacy comes through the leader himself Decision making authority Political organization Not necessarily leftist/populist BUT many populists use this style emphasizes us and them and the moral dimension of conflict TERM 8 What is the impact of personalist politics party organization and government institutionalization? DEFINITION 8 Charisma reduces incentives to build institutions: Self- legitimates No alternative bases of power No restraints if need to shift Result: Centralize distributional decisions Control nominations Make internal rules fluid Volatility of organization TERM 9 What are some examples of this from class and the readings? DEFINITION 9 Alberto Fujimori, Hugo Chavez, Etc. TERM 10 How does this differ from the effect of clientelism? DEFINITION 10 clientelism is based fundamentally on promise and response to constituents which involves providing necessary institutions once elected to compensate for the vote of the masses the effect of personalist politics is much more about damage control (or at least looking like), which involves limiting/ eliminating/ consolidating institutions, usually to adapt to crisis situations TERM 21 What institutions are generally trusted and what institutions are generally distrusted? What leads people to trust their institutions? DEFINITION 21 trusted: supreme court depends: press, military (rel. to country), and president dislike: political parties, congress, and elected officials Education Income and race Groups who are disadvantaged /Often higher in rural areas Membership in social organizations (cause and effect) Low corruption societies Religious tradition Wealth of the country TERM 22 Why is trusting other people (potentially) important for democracy? What factors lead people to be trusting (accoridng to Catterberg and Moreno)? DEFINITION 22 Halperin argues that leads to better health, happiness, lower levels of crime etc. Cogen and Rodgers (1995): democracy grounded in a rich associational life nurtures civic consciousness, TERM 23 Is having people trust each other and trust their government always good? DEFINITION 23 Hart (1978): There is one safeguard known generally to the wise, which is an advantage and security to all, but especially to democracies against despots. What is it? Distrust Stokes and Cleary (2005): Belief in accountability implies institutional trust But accountability implies distrust of officeholders: the belief that, without institutional constraints, they are prone to disregard the interests of constituents. TERM 24 How do American attitudes about the governments role in providing welfare and the causes of poverty differ from those around the world (both from lecture and in Alesina and La Ferrera)? DEFINITION 24 ISSP (1999) asks about how much various groups get paid U.S. dramatically underestimates gap Then asks how much they should get paid As would expect, should is lower than what get U.S. has does not have relatively high should compared to other countries Opinion is more polarized in the United States Alesina and La Ferrara (2005) argue Prospects for Upwards Mobility leads to support Their data: real mobility across states Perceived mobility opportunities Many scholars argue that class mobility is high in U.S. , thus explaining why we have smaller welfare state TERM 25 What factors lead people to support welfare spending (note that there are a LOT of them)? Why/how does each of these factors shape citizen attitudes (i.e. what is the theory)? DEFINITION 25 Some Individual-level factors (as variable gets bigger, what effect does it have) Income (-) Union membership (+) Minority (+) Education (-) Female (+) Informal sector (+) Nervous about losing job (+) Economic cycle Want spending on welfare to increase in bad times (counter-cyclical)...People are more likely to approve of it in good times...One reason why spending is often pro-cyclical Vulnerable groups are less pro-cyclical TERM 26 Is turnout declining globally? Why? DEFINITION 26 Puzzle because education is rising Lower voting age Rise in alterative forms of political participation Lower levels of civic duty Declining unionization rates TERM 27 What factors explain why turnout patterns differ across countries? (Consider both political and socio- economic variables) DEFINITION 27 Hutch: Modernization Theory (People switch their main domain of engagement for the conventional realm to the unconventional realm) Institutions Compulsory vote PR Presidentialism Country Size/ Level of Development Social factors Competitive Factors TERM 28 How has the ways in which campaigns are conducted changed over time? Why have these changes occurred? DEFINITION 28 Traditional: Mass Driven-rallies, Party driven-platforms, Activist run (careers in the party), Not very expensive, Occasional, Issue-focused, Positive "American": Media Driven, Personality Driven, Professional Run, Expensive, Permanent, Sound bites and images, Negative...Why: Membership down in Europe, Technology available, Note the article on Internet (20-25% of American households have access in 1996), The role of campaign professionals, Begin in U.S. with marketing firms, The making of the president Growing trend to seek business internationally (need work in odd numbered years) AND Domestic firms TERM 29 What are political consultants? What do they do in campaigns? DEFINITION 29 The role of campaign professionals Begin in U.S. with marketing firms The making of the president Greater contact between politicians and voters Politicians can know what voters want Message is clearer when shaped and targeted Greater moblizational capacity (better than TV) advise the campaign and keep contact with what people want through polling and interviewing TERM 30 What does Farell and Webb think is the relationship between parties and consultants in established democracies (in what ways do they work together and in what ways do they not)? DEFINITION 30 Not committed to party building or ideology Have more favorable view of going negative than the public does...In foreign elections, lack of context knowledge In foreign elections, seen as outsiders Credibility, Easier to Raise Money...3-4% Jump in Support, especially for open seat, Contact is politician oriented and ephemeral/scripted...Voters are manipulated... Polarizing influence...Consultants are less adverse to attacking opponents (and are good at it) TERM 31 Why did Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada use negative ads? Why were they successful? DEFINITION 31 He used it to discredit popular opponents Manfred Reyes and Evo Morales, but it failed because it made him look petty and childish trying to highlight other candidates flaws instead of promoting his own positive agenda...not used to "American" style of campaigning TERM 32 Chioza argues that parts of American culture are liked and parts are disliked. Explain his argument. DEFINITION 32 People generally distinguish between American culture, achievements, and politics Favorable views about the first two can buffer negative views on the latter for the Middle Eastern respondents who had grown disenchanted with American democracy and American anti-terrorist policy, none of the other factors that they might still appreciate about the United States had enough psychological leverage to keep them from forming a negative opinion of the United States (Chiozza p. 107) TERM 33 what are the good and bad things associated with holding elections? DEFINITION 33 Competition generates incentives for people to do what it takes to win...The system, structure of parties, existing cleavages, etc, are what determine what that it is. Anticipation of replacement may be sufficient, though actual replacement is also. Remember the wide range of things that people hold governments accountable for Elections give these interests a chance to be expressed better than revolution or violence does Bad elections may be better than no elections TERM 34 why people support welfare policies continued DEFINITION 34 Meltzer-Richards model of redistribution Poor support redistribution while the rich oppose it Because poor people outnumber rich people, redistribution should occurs more in a democracy one reason why unequal countries often do not become democracies The differences in preferences should be largest in highly unequal societies TERM 35 What factors are correlated with support for the United States (and why)? DEFINITION 35 People generally distinguish between American culture, achievements, and politics Favorable views about the first two can buffer negative views on the latter