Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC - Computer Peripherals | ELT 140, Study notes of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 17 PCs on a Network (v0.9) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 2 Introduction • Topics covered in this chapter: – Technologies used to build networks – How Windows supports a network connection – How to connect a computer to a network – How network share resources are shared – How switches and routers interface networks – How to setup and secure a wireless network – How to troubleshoot a network connection A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 5 Networking Technologies • Factors driving network evolution: – The type of data the network is intended to support – The data capacity on the network – How a network is to fit among other networks • Bandwidth (data throughput or line speed): – Analog systems: measured in cycles/sec (hertz or Hz) – Digital systems: measured in bps, Kbps, or Mbps • As networks grow, the need for bandwidth grows A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 6 Additional Terms Used in Networking • Node (host): one device on a network; e.g., server • Network adapter: interfaces a PC with a network – Network interface card (NIC): fits in a PCI slot • Adapter (MAC, physical, or hardware) address: – 48-bit (6-byte) id number hard-coded on card – Example: 00-0C-6E-4E-AB-A5 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 7 Additional Terms Used in Networking • Network protocols: rules of communication • Packets (datagrams or frames) – Basic unit of data transmitted on a network A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 10 Ethernet Cabling • Types of cabling used: – Two kinds of twisted-pair • Unshielded twisted pair (UTP): four pairs of twisted wire • Shielded twisted pair (STP): protected from EMI – Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield – Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 11 Table 17-2 Variations of Ethernet and Ethernet cabling A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 12 Figure 17-4 Fiber-optic cables contain a glass core for transmitting light A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 15 Ethernet Topology • Topology: arrangement of nodes in a network • Bus topology: connects all nodes with a line (no hub) • Star topology – Connects nodes to central hub (or switch) – The hub broadcasts a data packet to every device – Switch uses a table to route packet to receiving device • Scale networks by adding switches • Star bus topology: – Multiple switches form a bus network – Nodes connected to each switch form a star A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 16 Ethernet Topology • Scale networks by adding switches • Star bus topology: – Multiple switches form a bus network – Nodes connected to each switch form a star A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 17 Figure 17-6 Nodes on an Ethernet network can be connected to one another in a star or bus formation A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 20 Cable Tester A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 21 Ethernet Repeaters • Attenuation: the weakening of a transmitted signal – Frequent cause is excess cable lengths • Repeater: device used to amplify a signal in a LAN • Amplifier repeater: simply amplifies incoming signal A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 22 Ethernet Repeaters • Signal-regenerating repeater – Reads and copies the signal (without noise) – Transmits an exact duplicate of the original • Ethernet uses a signal-regenerating repeater – A switch or hub can act as the repeater A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 25 Figure 17-16 Nodes on a wireless LAN connect to a cabled network by way of an access point A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 26 Wireless LAN Modes • Ad hoc mode – directly links two wireless devices • Access point (AP) – connects wireless device to LAN A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 27 Telephone Networks • Plain old telephone service (POTS) – Switching creates closed circuits between phones • VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) – Uses packets of data to communicate • Cellular WAN – Made up cells created by base stations • Cellular WAN standards – GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) – CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) – TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 30 Figure 17-21 Full-duplex and half-duplex transmissions A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 31 Windows on a Network • Major software components on a network • An operating system installed on each PC – Network operating system (NOS) for larger networks • Peer-to-peer network (workgroup) – Each PC has the same authority on the network • Client/server model (domain) – Access to network resources controlled by an NOS – Server is called a domain controller • A few network operating systems – Windows 2003 Server, Novell NetWare, Linux A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 32 Four Suites of Protocols • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) – Primary protocol used on the Internet • IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) – Designed for use with Novell NetWare • NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) – Supports NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) • AppleTalk – Proprietary networking protocol suite for Macs A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 35 Figure 17-26 Three Windows XP network protocols are installed and two protocols are bound to this network card A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 36 Addressing on a Network • Four methods used to identify devices and programs – Using a MAC address – Using an IP address – Using character-based names (host, domain, NetBIOS) – Using a Port address A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 37 IP Addresses • Used in TCP/IP to identify any device on the network • 4 bytes (octets) separated by dots – 190.180.40.120 • System allows for up to 4.3 billion IP addresses • First part identifies network, last part identifies host A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 40 Addressing on a Network (continued) • Subnet mask – Octets used to identify if PCs are in same network – Ex: if subnet is 255.0.0.0, the first octets must match – Two types: classful and classless (CIDR) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 41 Table 17-3 Classes of IP addresses A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 42 Figure 17-31 The network portion and host portion for each class of IP addresses A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 45 Figure 17-33 A DHCP server has a range of IP addresses it can assign to clients on the network A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 46 Addressing on a Network (continued) • Network address translation (NAT) – Presents public IP address for PC with private address – A proxy server makes the IP address substitutions • Proxy server: node between the network and the Internet • Router can act as proxy server, DHCP server, firewall • Name resolution: links a name to an IP address • DNS (Domain Name System): tracks host names A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 47 How Computers Find Each Other on a LAN • PC must acquire IP address of another PC for a link • Methods for discovering IP address of another PC – The computer checks the NetBIOS name cache – If WINS server address is known, PC queries server – Computer uses broadcast to query nodes on LAN – The computer checks a file named LMHosts – The computer checks the file named Hosts – If DNS server address is known, PC queries server A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 50 Installing a NIC and Connecting to a Network • Components needed to connect a PC to a network – NIC and network port or wireless NIC card in the PC – Patch cable – Device for the PC to connect to, such as a router • NIC card selection criteria – NIC should match type of bus on motherboard – NIC should match speed and type of network – Wireless NIC should match network technology A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 51 Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP • Overview of installation steps – Determine whether driver or NIC is installed first – If NIC precedes driver, install NIC and turn on PC – Follow instructions in Found New Hardware Wizard – Verify driver installation using the Device Manager – Update the driver if necessary – Connect patch cable to NIC port and network switch • Configuring Windows 2000/XP to use a network – Name computer in System Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 52 Figure 17-37 Windows XP uses the Computer Name Changes dialog box to assign a host name to a computer on a network A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 55 Figure 17-39 To configure TCP/IP under Windows XP, use the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 56 Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook • Wireless adapter uses a USB port or PC Card slot • Installation package includes a CD and accessories • Overview of steps for installing a Linksys adapter – Install the software from the setup CD – Plug the wireless adapter into a USB port – Launch Found New Hardware and follow instructions • Managing the issue of an unsigned driver – Find approved driver or continue installation • Deciding which installation utility to use – Choose manufacturer’s utility over Windows XP’s A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 57 Figure 17-50 Plug the wireless USB adapter into the USB port A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 60 Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook (continued) • Connecting to a public hot spot using Windows XP – Open Wireless Network Connection dialog box – Select unsecured network from list and click Connect – Open a browser to test the connection – View link in Wireless Network Connection Status box • Two ways to troubleshoot a connection – Add network SSID in Wireless network properties – Provide MAC address to network administrator A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 61 Figure 17-62 Enter the SSID of a hot spot to which you want to connect A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 62 Using Resources on the Network • Topics to cover: – How to share folders and files – How to share applications – How to share entire hard drives A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 65 Network Drive Maps • Make the client PC appear to have a new hard drive – Physical hard drive space is on the host (the server) • Network File System (NFS) – Manages network drive maps between client and server – Is a type of distributed file system (DFS) – Provides more for highly reliable file sharing • Overview of steps to create a network drive map: – Create a network share on the host – Access network using remote computer (client) – Use Map Network Drive to map host drive to client A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 66 Figure 17-71 Mapping a network drive to a host computer A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 67 What If You Don't Want To Share? • Disable File and Printer Sharing • Hide PC from others looking at My Network Places • Hide a shared folder • Make your personal folders private A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 70 Figure 17-74 With tunneling, packets can travel over a wireless LAN and the Internet in a virtual private network (VPN), but WEP or WPA applies only to the wireless connection A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 71 Choosing a Wireless Access Point • Selection criteria – The ability to use multiple security measures – Supports for the 802.11 b/g wireless standards – Good hardware reviews from other users • An access point can be a standalone device • An access point can also serve multiple purposes A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 72 Configure and Test Your Wireless Network • Installing the hardware – Position device and plug it in – Connect the device using a network or USB cable • Access point configuration is saved on firmware • Configuring the access point – Change default password to the administrative utility – Select basic wireless settings, such as the channel – Set up data encryption – Choose whether to filter MAC addresses – Save the settings and test the connection