Human Anatomy-Chapter 3 Nightingale., Exams of Anatomy

Download Human Anatomy-Chapter 3 Nightingale. and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity! Human Anatomy-Chapter 3: Nightingale Matter - General sense of all of the materials or substances around us. Anything that has mass and occupies space. Elements - An element is said to be "pure" in the sense that it cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances. ie: Carbon and Oxygen. Compounds - 2 or more elements are joined to form chemical combinations. ie: Water (H2O: Hydrogen and oxygen) How many elements are in the human body? - 26, 11 are called major elements. Which elements make up 96% of material in the human body? - Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. John Dalton - English chemist who formulated the concept that matter is composed of atoms. All matter, regardless of the form it may assume (liquid, gas, or solid), is composed of units he called atoms. subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, electrons Nucleus - Center of an atom What is a nucleus made up of? - 1 | P a g e 6 positively charged protons and six uncharged neutrons. Nucleus is surrounded by - 6 positively charged electrons. Atoms are - electrically neutral electron cloud - area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found moving around rapidly. How are elements identified? - By its symbol and anatomic number: atomic number - number of protons in an atom's nucleus. How many elements are there? - 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth. mass number - Refers to the mass of a single atom. It is sometimes called the atomic mass. It equals the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom's nucleus. What is the largest occurring atom? - Uranium, it has a mass number of 238. Nucleus containing 92 protons and 146 neutrons. What is the smallest occurring atom? - Hydrogen. Only has 1 proton and no neutrons with a mass number of 1. Probability distribution - 2 | P a g e Colloid - Particle slightly larger than more molecules can become dispersed and water without settling out. Fluid inside cells is a Colloids as in blood plasma. Heat energy - Energy release by catabolism What physical qualities does water brings to body function? - Permeability, active transport of materials, secretions, and membrane potential. Acid - Any substance that will release a hydrogen ion H plus when in solution. Electrolytes - Electrolytes are substances that break up, or dissociate, in solution to form, charged particles, or ions. Cations - Positive charged ions Anions - Negative charged ions Bases (alkaline compounds) - Electrolytes that when dissociate dissociated in solution, shift, the H positive/OH negative balance in favor of OH negative. pH - Is an abbreviation for a phrase meaning "the power of hydrogen " and is used to mean the relative H+ ion concentration of a solution. 5 | P a g e pH of 7 - Indicates neutrality pH less than 7 - Indicates acidity pH greater than 7 - Indicates alkalinity Hypercapnia - carbon dioxide in the blood will climb too high. When the respiratory system fails to remove CO2 from the blood at a normal rate, thus we have a CO2 imbalance. Acidosis - CO2 tends to form an acid, the PH of the bodies internal environment will drop to below the setpoint level. Toxins - Chemicals that enter the body can cause damage to our own molecules. Toxins, or poisons, caused their damage by destroying our molecules, combining with other molecules to render themselves useless, or otherwise disrupting the normal chemical balance and chemical activity of our bodies. 6 | P a g e