Introduction to Political Science - Study Guide for Exam 1 | POLS 102, Study notes of Political Science

Download Introduction to Political Science - Study Guide for Exam 1 | POLS 102 and more Study notes Political Science in PDF only on Docsity! Aeropagus – Judicial Body that decides fate of Arestyze 1. Fear 2. Suffering 3. “In-between” Tyranny and Anarchy 4. Reason 5. Soul-city Furies -> Euminides – “Kindly Ones” 1. Passion 2. Need for Institutions 3. Persuasion 4. Progress Democritus Metaphysics: underlying theoretical subjects that cover the basic principles of any area of study; Philosophical Search for the first principles of reality. Ontology – existence or being Cosmology – origin and general structure of the universe. Epistemology – nature and limits of knowledge What is permanent and what things are in constant flux? Democritus logic -> Atoms are permanent, always there, eternal. Democritus is a materialist and naturalist; only thing that exist in his thought/reality are atoms or voids. Naturalist does not believe in conscious creation of the world aka no supernatural being. He calls atoms that make up humans, soul atoms, which rejoin nature as we die. How does this relate? Metaphysics ideas relate directly… learn later. Plato Born 427 B.C. Early age groomed to be a politician; however Socrates took him under his wing and he was forever a philosopher. Socrates executed 399 B.C. for corrupting the minds of the youth and not believing in the city’s gods. Traveled around Asia and Came in Contact with a Tyrant. Pythagorean and Orphic Cults had rubbed off on Plat and his philosophic ideas. Tries to teach Dion II and turn him into a philosopher king but it backfires and turns him into a tyrant. Returns to Greece/Athens to his Academy *Most important event in Plato’s life is the execution of Socrates. Perfect balance of philosophy and politics Sophists Sophists – educators for hire who traveled to Greece. - Viewed as being foreigners; viewed as objects of suspicion. - Intellectual change had rubbed off on Greece, time of skepticism in Greece made Sophists, who were skeptics, accepted in Greek Society. - Interesting rise in the interest of human affairs, war and other things made people start to become interested in politics and humans. - Sophists taught that all regimes are conventional; all laws an governments were based on illusions. There is always an element of error or falsity. - Law/Nature – relativists - Sophists thought the most important thing to learn is the law of rhetoric. They also taught political virtue. - To the Sophist if you master Rhetoric, you master Politics. o Sophists promised power through rhetoric Plato accuses Sophists of being educational opportunists; they choose to teach whatever will get them money. He also accuses them of being the corruption of Athens. (symbols of corruption) Plato’s Knowledge Theory The realm of reality we look at is visible; the world of intelligible humans is only leaned through their mind. Intelligible is the good – it is the ground of the form; intensity that makes forms possible to experience the world. Visible is the forms – perfected ideas of what is in reality. The way we relate to the forms is through thought. - The way we relate the good is intellectual/dialectic investigation of the truth. The main Idea of Plato is the more truthful and moral your soul is, the higher you can achieve in the intelligible world. Virtue of prudence – ability to apply universal principles to everyday situations This is what makes philosophers the perfect leaders, experience of bliss makes philosophers the happiest of men. Aristotle - Aristotle at 17 went to Athens. He studied for 20 years with Plato until Plato died. - Aristotle then traveled to Macedonia and pursues intellectual happiness like Plato. - Stayed with Hermias, and marries Hermias’ niece. - Travels to a place called Lespice after Hermias is assassinated. - Aristotle was then met by Alexander the Great. Aristotle was then Alexander the Great’s tutor staring when Alexander was 14. - Alexander the Great did not believe in the same political vision as Aristotle. - (336 BC) Alexander becomes King and does Canter-Aristotle politics. - Pecismas dies and Aristotle still doesn’t become leader of Plato’s academy. - Aristotle now gives up on Plato’s Academy and goes on to form the Lyceum to rival Plato’s Academy. - Aristotle tries to study the Athenian Constitution; he favors the empirical way of thinking. - Anti-Macedonian view in Athens Erupted; Aristotle was caught in it for being friends with the king and being his tutor. o *Aristotle is charged with not believing in the Gods and Aristotle flees and refuses to stay for the trial o Nietzche doesn’t believe in countries coming together, but Europe as one organized type of people as a whole, instead of nations coming together. o He was a new aristocracy. o History almost moves forward and it is not possible to go back in time o Believes conservatism is almost paired with Christianity and he wants converatism to be a private sector. o Transvalueation of all values”  He wants radical change. - Believes most conservatives and liberals are pitiful along with politics - New goods for western civilization o “last man” is democratic egalitarian man. - All the last man is about is comfortable, self-preservation. o The last man is a very conformitive person - They want no poor or no rich o Last man believes time before was not - Nihilism – nothing is good, and we created happiness. True, everything is permitted. o A nihilish wills nothingness, destroy stuff now to creat something ebetter later. A new future. o He wants innocent and to erase guilt  Hitler was a fan of nietzche.  New era of creativity - Had a slight connection with Aryan race. V. Nietzche’s Metaphysics. - “The will to Power” o In all of life there is obedience and commandent in the human and natural world.  The will to overcome and master.  We seek power for power itself because it is life.  “human will to power” in particular is what Nietzche is focused on. - The most sublime form of “will of power” is Philosophy; best form. o Because Philosopher’s create ways of thinking that changes man’s way of thinking and last consequences for 1000’s of years.  Project of future is superman.  “create an entire race of superman”  “love of earth, creativity etc.” - Superman is part saint, part philosopher, and part poet. Part saint - all the spiritualness and depth of Christianity created Part philosopher - it will master knowledge and use intellect for goals. Part poet - he is creative but uses spiritual wealth and knowledge. “Caeser with the soul of Christ” Every superman will be unique and won’t live by a prescribed code. “will suffer much, eternal pride, knowledgeable, creative. No image, and might not rule politically but in culture outside of politics. I. Socrates (470 B.C. 7 years after Greece won independence from Persia) - He wrote nothing down. - Spoke all of his works. - Lived to see the 27 year conflict of Athens and Sparta. o 404 BC the 30 tyrants rose up after Athens war defeated by Sparta; democracy was briefly overthrown.  Socrates executed for impiety and corruption of youth - Sources of knowledge: plato, Aristotle, Aristophanes, Xenophon. - Cicero says “Socrates is the first to bring philosophy from the leaders. - “socratic problem” raises question where does Socrates stop speaking and plato begin? o Inductive argumentation  Philosophy is the highest way of life. II. Apology. - Accusers are people who spread rumors about him; and the court and the officials of code. - Finds out three claims of knowledge were fake - Many young aspiring politicians who emulated and followed Socrates - Meletus speaks/accuses on behalf of the poets - Anytus for craftsman and merchants. - Lycon – oraters - Socrates hated so much because he constantly tested other people’s intelligence instead of accepting they could be wise. o They give him a chance to have an alternative to death.  Free meals, and pays court for alternative. - Death is a win-win o Afterlife or an endless leep - He can engage nole heroes in philosophy. Conflicts in the orestia - Diamond – a god introduced by Socrates which conflicts with the greek gods. - City is confused on what to do with Socrates. o No reconciliation with the cosmos and newly introduced god. - Socrates withstands pressure and achieves reconciliation with his soul. Crito - Socrates asks why Crito is at the prison so early o He heard a ship embarked from cret and no one could be executed before it was back from its sacred mission. o Crito now believed Socrates would be executed tomorrow. - Socrates sees a women dressed in white and believes he will die in 3 days. o Crito is concerned with public opinion. - Crito says Socrates should escape from prison because for one its easy to settle him abroad, and secondly, if he doesn’t flee, he will be basically committing suicide, 3 rd he will be abandoning his sons. o They should only care about the opinions of the wise man, and care about the god moral life o It would be an act of injustice if he abandons his “contract” with the city of Athens. o Educational laws made Socrates who he was, marital laws and child urturing laws. - If you remain in your regime your basically accepting their laws and regulations. o Thebes and menhra are good moral cities and they wouldn’t respect him and look down upon him - Thessali he would be disrespected as well and be comically disrespected. o “social contract” government is part of agreement with people View of the Sciences - Theoretical unchanging principles/knowledge, “beyond control of humans” ex math, physics , and philosophy. o Productive skills, rafts, and arts whenever something is created. o Practical o Focused on doing well, “ethics and politics” are practical sciences. Justice - Most people connect justice with equality. o Democratic justice entells every free citizen has an equal right to everything. o Oligarchichal a person who is wealthier is higher and should rule. o Someone who loves wealth o The ideal city needs both or middle ground of both ide.s - Justice to Aristotle - Justice - pleas