MAPC 2nd year Practical file, Assignments of Psychology

Download MAPC 2nd year Practical file and more Assignments Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TITLE PAGE FOR PRACTICUM IGNOU MA (PSYCHOLOGY) Programme Code: MAPC Course Code : MPCE-014 Name of the Learner:- HIMANSHU BISHT (168104570) Address:- UPPER KALABARH KODWARA PAURI GARWAL UTTRAKHAND MOB No.:- 8439403727 Email:- [email protected] Study Centre Name/Code/Address:- D.A.V. DEHRADUN (2705) Regional Centre:- DEHRADUN HIMANSHU BISHT Date:-17-10-2020 Signature of the Learner CERTIFICAT E This is to certify that / Mr./. HIMANSHU BISHT EnrolmentNo.: 168104570 of MA Psychology Second Year has conducted and successfully completed Practicum in Clinical Psychology (MPCE 014). Signature of the Learner Signature of Academic Counsellor Name:-HIMANSHU BISHT Name:-SURENDRA DHALWAL Enrolment No.:168104570 Designation: CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Name of the Study Centre: D.A.V.DEHRADUN Place: DEHRADUN Regional Centre: RC DEHRADUN Date: 17/10/2020 the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS), among many others. Although popular especially among personnel consultants, the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has numerous psychometric deficiencies. More recently, a number of instruments based on the Five Factor Model of personality have been constructed such as the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. However, the Big Five and related Five Factor Model have been challenged for accounting for less than two-thirds of the known trait variance in the normal personality sphere alone. Estimates of how much the personality assessment industry in the US is worth range anywhere from $2 and $4 billion a year (as of 2013). Personality assessment is used in wide a range of contexts, including individual and relationship counseling, clinical psychology, forensic psychology, school psychology, career counseling, employment testing, occupational health and safety and customer relationship management. Uses Personality tests are administered for a number of different purposes, including: • Assessing theories • Evaluating the effectiveness of therapy • Diagnosing psychological problems • Looking at changes in personality • Screening job candidates Personality tests are also sometimes used in forensic settings to conduct risk assessments, establish competence, and in child custody disputes. Other settings where personality testing may be used are in school psychology, career and occupational counselling, relationship counselling, clinical psychology, and employment testing. Introduction about present test: Present test is an online test that is available on internet. https://psychcentral.com/quizzes/personality-test/ the above link is related to the Personality test based on Five-Factor Model. It is for personal use only. The test will be administered first on self and then on one of the family members/ acquaintance/friends/neighbour/colleagues. Self- administration is for our practice and to get acquainted with the test. While administering on self, we need to read the instructions carefully as mentioned in the test. When we administer the test on subject, we have, first to establish rapport and communicate that the responses will be kept confidential. Instruction will be given to the participant as mentioned in the test. The scores will be interpreted as per the norms indicated against the test.Once the test is completed, we have to prepare a report based on the test administration. Aim and Objective of current testing: The aim of the present test is to measure the personality of the subject based on Five-Factor Model. Brief introduction about client: NAME:- SHAILNDRA SINGH AGE :- 35 years SEX :- male HEALTH :- good QUALIFICATION :- M.Sc, B.Ed Chief Complaints: The present test is conducted on the subject for IGNOU online final practical. ADMINISTRATION :- • The subject must be made to understand instruction carefully. • The result of the test should not be disclosed . • It must be clear to the subject that he must answer all the question honestly and truthfully . • If there is any doubt it should be made clear by the test administrator. REPORT Personality Trait Opposite Strength Similar Strength Extraversion: 4.50 Agreeableness: 6.00 Conscientiousness: 3.50 Emotional Stability: 7.00 Openness to Experiences: 3.00 Below you will find a brief interpretation of each personality trait and what your score relative to that trait may indicate about you. Because this is such a brief quiz, however, please keep in mind that the below discussion may not be entirely accurate or completely apply to you. These "Big 5" personality traits are broad traits, and a brief personality test such as this one cannot provide a detailed interpretation of your scores. Extraversion You appear to be not particularly extraverted, nor particularly introverted. You appear to have a balance between your energy and activity levels, and in the amount of social interaction you have with others. Agreeableness You have scored high in agreeableness, suggesting you are more compassionate and cooperative toward others. People high in agreeableness tend to have greater concern for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature -- they believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy. Conscientiousness You appear to hold a neutral level of conscientiousness, being able to exert self-discipline from time to time, but also occasionally being impulsive. Emotional Stability You have scored quite high in emotional stability, suggesting that you are rarely easily upset and are far less emotionally reactive to stressful or painful situations or people than most others. People who score high on this trait tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. You can handle most stress and emotional situations appropriately on a day- to-day basis and would be considered to be "well adjusted" by most of your friends. Openness to Experiences You have scored lower than many others on your openness to experiences. People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional and traditional interests. You likely prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. People who score low on this trait may regard the arts and sciences with some suspicion, believing these endeavors of little practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty, and tend to be more conservative and resistant to change CONCLUSION:-the above personality test suggested that the subject is a Emotionally stable . Further suggestion: For more reliable and valid result subject should go for full scale personality test. Criticisms of the Rorschach Test Despite the popularity of the Rorschach test, it has remained the subject of considerable controversy. Many of the criticisms center on how the test is scored and whether the results have any diagnostic value. Concerns Related to Scoring the Inkblot Test The test was criticized extensively during the 1950s and 1960s for its lack of standardized procedures, scoring methods, and norms. Before 1970, there were as many as five scoring systems that differed so dramatically that they essentially represented five different versions of the test. In 1973, John Exner published a comprehensive new scoring system that combined the strongest elements of the earlier systems. The Exner scoring system is now the standard approach used in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test. Concerns Over Poor Validity and Reliability In addition to early criticism of the inconsistent scoring systems, detractors note that the test's poor validity means that it is unable to accurately identify most psychological disorders. As you can imagine, scoring the test can be a highly subjective process. Another key criticism of the Rorschach is that it lacks reliability. In other words, two clinicians might arrive at very different conclusions even when looking at the same subject's responses. Concerns Over Diagnoses The test has shown some effectiveness in the diagnosis of illnesses characterized by distorted thinking such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Some experts caution, however, that since the Exner scoring system contains errors, clinicians might be prone to over-diagnosing psychotic disorders if they rely heavily on Exner's system. Inkblot Tests Can Provide Useful Information The test is primarily used in psychotherapy and counseling, and those who use it regularly often do so as a way of obtaining a great deal of qualitative information about how a person is feeling and functioning. The therapist and client can then further explore some of these issues during therapy. Despite the controversies and criticisms over its use, the Rorschach test remains widely used today in a variety of situations such as in schools, hospitals, and courtrooms. Some skeptics have been more critical, suggesting that the Rorschach is nothing more than pseudoscience. In 1999, some psychologists called for a complete moratorium on the use of the Rorschach inkblot for clinical purposes until researchers could better determine which scores are valid and which are invalid. A later report had a more mixed finding of the usefulness of the inkblot test. The researchers concluded that while the test possessed problems, it did have established value in identifying thought disorders. "Its value as a measure of thought disorder in schizophrenia research is well accepted," the researchers suggested. "It is also used regularly in research on dependency, and, less often, in studies on hostility and anxiety. Furthermore, substantial evidence justifies the use of the Rorschach as a clinical measure of intelligence and thought disorder." PRACTICAL -3 TITLE :- DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes Overview The American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the DSM-5 in 2013. This latest revision takes a lifespan perspective recognizing the importance of age and development on the onset, manifestation, and treatment of mental disorders. Other changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5) include eliminating the multi-axial system; removing the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF score); reorganizing the classification of the disorders; and changing how disorders that result from a general medical condition are conceptualized. Many of these general changes from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) to DSM-5 are summarized in the report Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. This report will supplement that information by providing details specifically about changes to disorders of childhood and their implications for generating estimates of child serious emotional disturbance (SED). 1. Elimination of the Multi-Axial System and GAF Score One of the key changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5 is the elimination of the multi-axial system. DSM-IV approached psychiatric assessment and organization of biopsychosocial information using a multi-axial formulation (American Psychiatric Association, 2013b). There were five different axes. Axis I consisted of mental health and substance use disorders (SUDs); Axis II was reserved for personality disorders and mental retardation; Axis III was used for coding general medical conditions; Axis IV was to note psychosocial and environmental problems (e.g., housing, employment); and Axis V was an assessment of overall functioning known as the GAF. The GAF scale was dropped from the DSM-5 because of its conceptual lack of clarity (i.e., including symptoms, suicide risk, and disabilities in the descriptors) and questionable psychometric properties (American Psychiatric Association, 2013b). Although the impact of removing the overall multi-axial structure in DSM-5 is unknown, there is concern among clinicians that eliminating the structured approach for gathering and organizing clinical assessment data will hinder clinical practice (Frances, 2010). However, the direct impact on the prevalence rates of childhood mental disorders is likely to be negligible as it will not affect the characteristics of diagnoses. 2. Disorder Reclassification DSM-IV and DSM-5 categorize disorders into “classes” with the intent of grouping similar disorders (particularly those that are suspected to share etiological mechanisms or have similar symptoms) to help clinician and researchers use of the manual. From DSM-IV to DSM- 5, there has been a reclassification of many disorders that reflects a better understanding of the classifications of disorders from emerging research or clinical knowledge. Table 3 lists the disorder classes included in DSM-IV and DSM-5. In DSM-5, six classes were added and four were removed. As a result of these changes in the overall classification system, numerous individual disorders were reclassified from one class to another (e.g., from “mood disorders” to “bipolar and related disorders” or “depressive disorders”). The reclassification of disorder classes will not have a direct effect on any SED estimation; however, it does warrant consideration when documenting disorders that may have changed classes. Disorder Classes Presented by the DSM-IV and DSM-5, as Ordered in DSM-IV. Of particular note for childhood mental disorders, the DSM-5 eliminated a class of “disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence.” Those disorders are now placed within other classes. See Table 4 for a summary the new DSM-5 disorder classes for those disorders formally classified as “disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence.” Disorder Classification in the DSM-IV and DSM-5 for Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence. Disorder Classes Presented by the DSM-IV and DSM-5, as Ordered in DSM-IV DSM-IV DSM-5 1. Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence Dropped1 2. Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and other cognitive disorders 17. Neurocognitive Disorders 3. Mental Disorders due to a general medical condition Dropped1 4. Substance-related disorders 16. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 5. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders 2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 6. Mood Disorders 3. Bipolar and Related Disorders 4. Depressive Disorders 7. Anxiety Disorders 5. Anxiety Disorders 8. Somatoform Disorders 9. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 9. Factitious Disorders Dropped1 10. Dissociative Disorders 8. Dissociative Disorders 11. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders 13. Sexual Dysfunctions 14. Gender Dysphoria 19. Paraphilic Disorders categories particularly relevant to the definition of serious emotional disturbance (SED): attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An ADHD diagnosis now requires symptoms to be present prior to the age of 12 (rather than 7, the age of onset from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. [DSM- IV]). PTSD includes a new subtype specifically for children younger than 6 years of age. 2. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (or DMDD) (under Depressive Disorders) Description. DMDD is a new addition to DSM-5 that aims to combine bipolar disorder that first appears in childhood with oppositional behaviors (Axelson, 2013). DMDD is characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation. These occur, on average, three or more times each week for 1 year or more (see Table 6 for a description of DSM-5 DMDD diagnostic criteria). The key feature of DMDD is chronic irritability that is present in between episodes of anger or temper tantrums. A diagnosis requires symptoms to be present in at least two settings (at home, at school, or with peers) for 12 or more months, and symptoms must be severe in at least one of these settings. Onset of DMDD must occur before age 10, and a child must be at least 6 years old to receive a diagnosis of DMDD. 3. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, under Neurodevelopmental Disorders) the onset criterion has been changed from “symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years” to “several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12. 4. Reclassification of dementia In the DSM-5 both the dementia and amnestic disorder has been subsumed in the new category called’ neurocognitive disorder”. 5. Intellectual disability previously called mental retardation ,the diagnostic criteria for this disorder have also updated to more strongly focused on adaptive functioning. 6. OCD is no longer added in Anxiety disorder. PRACTICAL N0.4 TITLE :- National Mental Health Survey of India 2015-16 NMHS 2015-16 was executed by NIMHANS, Bengaluru and was convened by MoHFW, GoI. The National Mental Health Survey is a joint collaborative effort of nearly 500 professionals, comprising of researchers, state level administrators, data collection teams and others from the 12 states of India and has been coordinated and implemented by NIMHANS. One of the states was Gujarat, for which I, Dr. Ritambhara Mehta was the Principal Investigator. This summary was published on 10th October 2016 at a National forum. With changing health patterns among Indians, mental, behavioural and substance use disorders are coming to the fore in health care delivery systems. These disorders contribute for significant morbidity, disability and even mortality amongst those affected. Due to the prevailing stigma, these disorders often are hidden by the society and consequently persons with mental disorders lead a poor quality of life. Even though several studies point to the growing burden, the extent, pattern and outcome of these mental, behavioural and substance use disorders are not clearly known. Though unmeasured, the social and economic impact of these conditions is huge. It is also acknowledged that mental health programmes and services need significant strengthening and / or scaling up to deliver appropriate and comprehensive services for the millions across the country who are in need of care. India recently announced its mental health policy and an action plan; these along with the proposed mental health bill attempts to address the gaps in mental health care. In addition, recommendations from National Human Rights Commission and directives from the Supreme Court of India have accelerated the pace of implementation of mental health services. Several advocacy groups, including media, have highlighted need for scaling up services and providing comprehensive mental health care. To further strengthen mental health programmes and develop data driven programmes, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India commissioned NIMHANS to plan and undertake a national survey to develop data on prevalence, pattern and outcomes for mental disorders in the country. Furthermore, a systematic assessment of resources and services that are available to meet the current demands was a felt need. Thus, the National Mental Health Survey was undertaken by NIMHANS to fulfil these objectives. Mental, Neurological and Substance use disorders (MNSUDs), currently included under the broader rubric of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are increasingly recognised as major public health problems contributing for a greater share of morbidity and disability. During the last five decades, the prevalence, pattern, characteristics and determinants of various mental disorders has been examined by research studies. Furthermore, care related issues, service delivery aspects and system issues have been examined in a limited manner. However, scientific extrapolations and estimates to national and state level have not been possible. Recent studies indicate the emergence of several new problems like alcohol and drug abuse, depression, suicidal behaviours and others; information of these at a national level are limited. Recognising the need for good quality, scientific and reliable information and to strengthen mental health policies and programmes at national and state levels, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) commissioned National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences(NIMHANS) to undertake a National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) in a nationally representative population and examine priority mental disorders, estimate treatment gap, assess service utilization, disability and socio-economic impact along with assessing resources and systems. The NMHS was undertaken in 12 states across 6 regions of India [North (Punjab and Uttar Pradesh); South (Tamil Nadu and Kerala); East (Jharkhand and West Bengal); West (Rajasthan and Gujarat); Central (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh) and North-east (Assam and Manipur)]. In each state, the dedicated team of Investigators included mental health and public health professionals. Methods A uniform and standardised methodology was adopted for the National Mental Health Survey. Homelessness amongst those who are mentally ill is due to a combination of several factors ranging from stigma to societal discrimination. Thus, Homeless Mentally ill (HMI) persons represent the most neglected, disadvantaged and vulnerable section among the mentally ill. In household surveys, this is difficult to examine due to methodological reasons. However, the burden of HMI has a definite bearing on the delivery of services for mental health care. Considering the larger implications for health care delivery, the burden, scope and existing provisions have been examined through the qualitative component of NMHS. As regards the burden of HMI, key informants were unaware of the same. Their estimates varied with respect to the approximate number of HMI’s seen in their districts, city and / or state. This not only reflects their lack of awareness but also signifies the difficulties in data quantification. The guestimates (for the number of homeless mentally ill) ranged from ‘NIL’ or ‘almost minimal’ to ‘1% of mentally ill’ to as high as ‘15,000’. Some reflections of respondents included, ‘It is difficult to quantify’- (Assam respondent),‘Within the city 40-50 HMI, totally 500 in the State’ – (Jharkhand respondent), ‘In Urban areas and big cities, homelessly people are commonly seen’ – (Gujarat respondent); Interestingly, HMIs were reported to be more in the urban areas and bigger cities. The homeless mentally ill are usually affected by chronic mental illness or by extreme poverty or by economic bankruptcy (all are linked in most situations)and require interventions on a long term basis. There was both a lack of awareness about rehabilitation and also an absence of facilities / services for the ‘rehabilitation’ of HMIs. ‘There is no service (for homeless mentally ill) available to the best of my knowledge’ said the respondent from Uttar Pradesh . This was echoed by a respondent from Jharkhand, ‘No place of rehabilitation for wandering mentally ill persons in the district’. Thus, it can be surmised that facilities for the rehabilitation of HMIs were generally non-existent in many states and wherever available, it was reported to be provided by NGOs often located in bigger cities. ‘Aware that nowadays NGOs are more active in such activities’- (Assam Respondent);‘In recent times, NGOs have become more active’, ‘Only in big cities not in small town like’- (Gujarat respondent), ‘ A few NGO’s keep this kind of patient for some period of time or reach them to the mental hospital’, said the Jharkhand respondent. However, the number of HMIs being able to access care in these NGOs were reported to be limited. Apart from NGOs, mental hospitals and beggar’s home were the other options available for the rehabilitation of the homeless mentally Ill. Across the 12 states, ‘No specific action’ appears to be the predominant action taken for a homeless mentally ill person. Action is initiated only when HMIs have resorted to violence. The ‘actions’ which are supposed to be ‘care and support mechanisms’ is limited to either handing over the HMIs to PRACTICAL N0.5 TITLE:- Case study of Jai, a 30-year old man. (A) Aim and Objective of Current Testing: (1) Brief introduction about clients: Name: Jai Sex: Male Age: 30 years Education Qualification: Graduation Occupation: Ex-Army Personnel (2)Chief Complaints: His wife reported that since he returned from the posting, he has not been ‘his original self’. And this has impacted their relationship also. Jai reports that he has difficulty in sleeping and when he sleeps, he has nightmares. He further says that he has undergone many traumatic and distressing experiences in his last posting which he is not sure of sharing it with anyone. He is irritable and spends his time alone. He becomes startled easily. In his present job, he is not able to perform his duties properly. He has vivid and intrusive memories of the traumatic experiences that he had which he declines to share with anyone and neither wants to meet anyone that reminds him of the experiences. Procedure: From the above symptom that Mr, Jai display and by going to DSM Manual it can be said he is suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Diagnosis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Diagnosis To diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder, your doctor will likely: • Perform a physical exam to check for medical problems that may be causing your symptoms • Do a psychological evaluation that includes a discussion of your signs and symptoms and the event or events that led up to them • Use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association Diagnosis of PTSD requires exposure to an event that involved the actual or possible threat of death, violence or serious injury. Your exposure can happen in one or more of these ways: • You directly experienced the traumatic event • You witnessed, in person, the traumatic event occurring to others • You learned someone close to you experienced or was threatened by the traumatic event • You are repeatedly exposed to graphic details of traumatic events (for example, if you are a first responder to the scene of traumatic events) You may have PTSD if the problems you experience after this exposure continue for more than a month and cause significant problems in your ability to function in social and work settings and negatively impact relationships. Management and Recommendation: Treatment: Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment can help you regain a sense of control over your life. The primary treatment is psychotherapy, but can also include medication. Combining these treatments can help improve your symptoms by: • Teaching you skills to address your symptoms • Helping you think better about yourself, others and the world • Learning ways to cope if any symptoms arise again • Treating other problems often related to traumatic experiences, such as depression, anxiety, or misuse of alcohol or drugs You don't have to try to handle the burden of PTSD on your own. Psychotherapy Several types of psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, may be used to treat children and adults with PTSD. Some types of psychotherapy used in PTSD treatment include: • Cognitive therapy. This type of talk therapy helps you recognize the ways of thinking (cognitive patterns) that are keeping you stuck — for example, negative beliefs about yourself and the risk of traumatic things happening again. For PTSD, cognitive therapy often is used along with exposure therapy. • Exposure therapy. This behavioral therapy helps you safely face both situations and memories that you find frightening so that you can learn to cope with them effectively. Exposure therapy can be particularly helpful for flashbacks and nightmares. One approach uses virtual reality programs that allow you to re-enter the setting in which you experienced trauma. • Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR combines exposure therapy with a series of guided eye movements that help you process traumatic memories and change how you react to them. Your therapist can help you develop stress management skills to help you better handle stressful situations and cope with stress in your life. All these approaches can help you gain control of lasting fear after a traumatic event. You and your mental health professional can discuss what type of therapy or combination of therapies may best meet your needs. You may try individual therapy, group therapy or both. Group therapy can offer a way to connect with others going through similar experiences. (B) Introduction : Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stress-related disorder that may develop after exposure to an event or ordeal in which death or severe physical harm occurred or was threatened. People who suffer from the disorder include military troops, rescue workers, and survivors of shootings, bombings, violence, and rape. Family members of victims can develop the disorder as well through vicarious trauma. PTSD affects about 8 million American adults and can occur at any age, including childhood. Women are more likely to develop the disorder than men, and there is some evidence that it may run in families. PTSD is frequently accompanied by depression, substance use disorder, and anxiety disorders. When other conditions are appropriately diagnosed and treated, the likelihood of successful treatment increases. When symptoms develop immediately after exposure and persist for up to a month, the condition may be called acute stress disorder. PTSD is diagnosed when the stress symptoms following exposure have persisted for over a month. Delayed