nightingale anatomy final exam (603 questions with verified solutions including diagrams)., Exams of Biology

Download nightingale anatomy final exam (603 questions with verified solutions including diagrams). and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! nightingale anatomy final exam (603 questions with verified solutions including diagrams) Which letter indicates the popliteal region? E Physiology is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. function Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:03 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. superior Which letter indicates the umbilical region? deep Which letter indicates the mental region? A Regarding directional terms, superior means toward the head. A coronal section through the human body can pass through both ears. The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are axial and appendicular. Which letter indicates the femoral region? D The knee is ________ to the foot. proximal Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? spinal cord The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the _____ cavity. dorsal _____ refers to an inner region of an organ, whereas _____ refers to an outer region or layer of an organ. Medullary; cortical The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. anterior The gallbladder lies in the: abdominal cavity. A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: sagittal We have an expert-written solution to this problem! A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. front and back Molecules are: atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? Balance Popliteal refers to the: area behind the knee. The lungs are located in the: thoracic cavity. The mediastinum contains all of the following except the: right lung. contains the heart, great vessels, trachea and essential nerves The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _____ plane. transverse Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? The structure that is called the "powerhouse" of the cell is the: mitochondria An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac We have an expert-written solution to this problem! A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. right and left An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n): tissue REMEMBER: chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism The number of abdominal regions is: nine Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: organelles Two major cavities of the human body are: ventral/dorsal. A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) element Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called electrolytes The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be polar Acids release hydrogen ions. The atomic number tells you the number of protons in the nucleus. Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be polar An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons. eight Salts - can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases. - are electrolytes. - will form crystals if the water is removed. Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called: covalent Electrolytes are: called cations if they have a positive charge. Hydrolysis _____ a water molecule. breaks down compounds by adding The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of: protons in its nucleus. As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____, and the solution becomes more _____. An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) isotope We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? decomposition reaction As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? hydrolysis The most abundant element essential to life is Carbon The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? Decomposition When atoms combine, they may gain, lose, or share: electrons. The octet rule refers to the: stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: solution becomes more acidic. Which of the following bonds are the weakest? Hydrogen Acids: - are proton donors. - taste sour. - release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. An isotope of an element contains different numbers of ____ from other atoms of the same element. neutrons The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. synthesis Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? Zinc Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? Iron The kind of element is determined by the number of: protons Atomic mass is determined by the number of: protons and neutrons. Which of the following represents properties of water? - High specific heat - High heat of vaporization - Strong polarity AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. exchange An ionic bond is formed by: a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. The study of metabolism includes examination of: - catabolism. - anabolism. - ATP requirements. An example of a catabolic process is: hydrolysis A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution. alkaline (basic) In the presence of a base, red litmus paper will: to turn blue Which letter indicates the nucleolus? A Ribosomes are organelles that float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. The outer boundary of a human cell is called the plasma membrane. This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases. lysosome This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes. peroxisome This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell. rough endoplasmic reticulum The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called cytoplasm A major function of the cell membrane is to to control what enters and leaves the cell Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the "command center" of the cell is the nucleus In the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. Some of these proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are called transport proteins. Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? centrosome We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? microvilli Which letter indicates the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. Golgi apparatus Which letter indicates the Golgi apparatus? D Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? gap junction We have an expert-written solution to this problem! This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae. mitochondria The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a: female sex cell or ovum. The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called: microvilli Which of the following is not a function of the integral membrane proteins? - Acting as receptors - Signal transduction - Identification of "self" The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? Cholesterol We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called: caveolae A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read: microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments. The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: peroxisomes. Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? Cell division A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the: flagellum DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle? Nucleus The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center. centrosome The inner membrane of what double- membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? Proteasomes Which cell fiber serves as part of our "cellular muscles?" Microfilament The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: microvilli The nucleolus is composed chiefly of: rRNA Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? Primary cilium In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule: - faces the exterior of the cell. - faces the interior of the cell. ATP production occurs within which organelle? Mitochondrion The membranous structure containing substances that protect the cell from harm are: - lysosomes. - peroxisomes. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: chromatin Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? Lysosomes The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: plasma membrane. Main cell structures include all of the following except: interstitial fluid. Which letter indicates projections from the dermis that reduce blister formation? E Which letter indicates a specialized sensory receptor? D Which letter indicates the portion of a hair that projects above the skin surface? A Which letter indicates cells that produce melanin in the hair root? D Which letter indicates the cytoplasmic protein fiber that connects desmosomes? Which letter indicates the innermost portion of hair that is comprised of large epithelial cells and air spaces? C Which letter indicates tunnel-like junctions in the lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells? D Which letter indicates microvilli? E Which letter indicates a cellular junction that prevents molecules from passing between epithelial cells? A Which letter indicates the integument layer that has no vascularization? A Which letter indicates a layer of cells that are derived from the epidermis? B Which letter indicates junctions commonly associated with tissues under mechanical stress? B Which letter indicates the integument layer that corresponds to leather hides from an animal? B Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? simple cuboidal epithelium We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? epiderm The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the We have an expert-written solution to this problem! The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is fibrocartilage. The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the neuron The basic determinant of skin color is melanin The two major categories of body membranes are epithelial and connective. Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the epidermis Adipose tissue is a storage tissue. Around the sixth month of pregnancy, the developing fetus is almost entirely covered by a fine soft hair coat called the lanugo. Which of the following is an example of a serous membrane? - pleura - peritoneum - pericardium Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? stratum corneum Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the arrector pili muscle. Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? epithelial The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous Besides water, extracellular matrix contains proteins and proteoglycans. The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called extracellular matrix. Which of the following contains osteocytes? bone Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? collagen The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer. reticular The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the basement membrane. The _____ junction "glues" the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. dermoepidermal Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a matrix Which letter indicates the jugular foramen? E Which letter indicates a depression that is the site where a femoral ligament attaches to the acetabulum? B Which letter indicates the weakest region of the femur, which may be fractured in a fall? A Which letter indicates the palatine bone that forms part of the hard palate? A Which letter indicates the greater trochanter of the femur? C Which letter indicates the bony landmark of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches? C Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that in an adult is filled with yellow bone marrow? D Which letter indicates the gluteal tuberosity of the femur? D Which letter indicates the supraorbital foramen? A Which letter indicates the fossa where the ulna articulates with the humerus? E Which letter indicates a pad of a fibrocartilage known as the pubic symphysis? D Which letter indicates the mastoid process of the temporal bone? Which letter indicates the coronoid process of the mandible? D Which letter indicates the mental foramen? E Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone? E Which letter indicates the groove that articulates with the patella? E The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the pubic symphysis. What structures normally hold the foot bones firmly in their arched positions? ligaments and tendons Which two bones compose the shoulder girdle? clavicle and scapula Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called myeloid tissue. If you are working on an archeological dig and find the remains of a human pelvis with a subpubic angle of 110 degrees, you can assume that this pelvis belongs to a female. Which of the following is not a bone in the leg? mandible Anteriorly, each rib of the first seven pairs attaches to the sternum. The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the sternum. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the periosteum. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Spongy bone is characterized by open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. E. regular The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the patella. Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue. connective Which bone is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? femur The bone that claims the distinction of being the only bone in the body that articulates with no other bones is the hyoid Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? fontanels We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which of the following is(are) not in the appendicular skeleton? vertebrae The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the lumbar vertebrae. The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. agonist Identify the letter that indicates the Epicranial aponeurosis. A Muscles that move the forearm include which of the following? - brachioradialis - pronator teres - biceps brachii The continuous low level of sustained contraction maintained by all skeletal muscles is muscle tone The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the origin Identify the letter that indicates the Sternocleidomastoid. A The biceps brachii has this fascicle arrangement, which maximizes the range of motion possible. parallel In addition to the Pectoralis major, another muscle that displays this pattern of fascicle arrangement is Latissimus dorsi. convergent The muscle fascicle arrangement for Orbicularis oris is best characterized as circular The individual muscle fibers are covered by a connective tissue membrane called the endomysium. Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers can be extrinsic or intrinsic. The muscle that helps hold the scapula against the thorax and is useful in pushing or punching movements is the serratus anterior. A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sidesis categorized as bipennate. Identify the letter that indicates the Deltoid. B Identify the letter that indicates the Linea alba. B The long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle is a description of this type of fascicle arrangement. parallel The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the transverse abdominis. The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the fascia We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Identify the letter that indicates the Masseter. E Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm? Trapezius Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: clavicle and scapula The muscle that flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm is the: brachioradialis. The teres major and teres minor muscles move the: arm. Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? Sartorius Muscles located on the lower leg move the: foot Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n): muscle fiber. There are more than 600 muscles in the body. True A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: prime mover. The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is the: latissimus dorsi. The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. third The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: anterior medial surface of the forearm. The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. True Which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? Transverse abdominis Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover are called: - synergists. - fixators. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named for its: points of attachment. Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. circular When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamstring group, the injury is on the: posterior thigh. All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: deltoid. The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: opponens pollicis. Muscles may be named according to: - function. - direction of fibers. - points of attachment Which of the following statements is incorrect? - The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move. - The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves. - When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin. The pectoralis major muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. convergent A muscle that assists with mastication is the: masseter. Which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? Biceps femoris The muscle(s) assisting in rotating the arm outward is (are) the: teres minor. What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? neurilemma A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) reflex arc. The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. axon The somatic nervous system carries information to the skeletal muscles. What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? tracts Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called neurons Identify which diagram represents a cell that produces a myelin sheath in the central nervous system. E The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. enteric The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the astrocytes. Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. synapse Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? Schwann cells The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the __________ divisions. parasympathetic and sympathetic Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron where neurotransmitters are released. E Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? polar The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. axon terminal We have an expert-written solution to this problem! This is the site of communication between neurons. synapse These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: nuclei. One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: astrocytes. A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. multipolar Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: perineurium The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: astrocytes Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: a neurilemma. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): sensory neuron. Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? Dopamine The nervous system can be divided: - according to its structure. - according to direction of information flow. - by control of effectors. Which is not true of the myelin sheath? It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. sympathetic and parasympathetic Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. toward The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: myelinated fibers. Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. sensory Astrocytes attach to: - neurons. - blood vessels. Multipolar neurons have: multiple dendrites and one axon. Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? Endoneurium Schwann cells have a function in the PNS that is similar to that of which cells in the CNS? Oligodendrocytes Most unipolar neurons are usually: sensory neurons. In the human nervous system: there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: dendrite, cell body, and axon. The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse's tail called the cauda equina. Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? 31 Which letter indicates the left vagus nerve? A Which letter indicates the primary somatosensory cortex? C Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking? A Which letter indicates the cranial nerve with nerve fibers that pass through the hypoglossal canal? E We have an expert-written solution to this problem! The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the intestinal wall. Which letter indicates the celiac ganglion and plexus? C The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway? - synapses with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron - sends ascending or descending branches Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. brachial Which letter indicates a bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini ending) that slowly adapts to deep pressure stimuli? E Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that has motor fibers that innervate muscles of facial expression? D Which letter indicates epithelial tactile complexes (Merkel discs), light pressure receptors found in the epidermis? A Which letter indicates the corpus callosum, which is an area of white matter where axons from one cerebral hemisphere cross the midline to the opposite hemisphere? B Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts. descending The inner protective covering of the brain is called the meninges Which letter indicates the cardiac plexus? B The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called plexuses The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the ventricles Which letter indicates the aortic plexus? D Which letter indicates an area that is characterized by huge neurons known as pyramidal cells? B four The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of _____ pairs. 31 The brain has _____ major divisions. six The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. False All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. False Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. True Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? Thoracic Spinal nerves are _____ fibers. motor and sensory The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: limbic system. The brainstem does not include the: cerebellum. The peripheral nervous system includes: only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. The sensory cranial nerves include only the: olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? Brachial Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? Pineal gland The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: brain and spinal cord. Effectors that have single innervation by the autonomic nervous system are innervated only by the parasympathetic division. False Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the: subdural space. Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. False The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: dura mater. Conduction to autonomic effectors requires only one efferent neuron. False Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? Cervical Beta receptors: The innermost layer of the meninges is the: pia mater. The pyramids are formed in the: medulla Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for movements of the tongue? Hypoglossal In the diagram above, following the sensation of touch from the skin up the spinal cord to the brain, what is the final destination (the blue area) called? Primary somatosensory cortex Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is the boundary between the external and middle ear. A Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is called the cochlea. D Identify the letter that indicates an immune organ that also secretes hormones. C Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is important in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. E Identify the letter that indicates the hypophysis. A Identify the letter that indicates the structure that contains receptors for rotational acceleration. C In the diagram above #3 indicates cribiform plate of ethmoid bone Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes corticosteroids. D Identify the letter that indicates a gland that regulates circadian rhythms.