NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM >Mercer County College, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM >Mercer County College and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 2 • Question 2 1 out of 1 points • Question 3 0 out of 1 points NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM Exam – Mercer County College When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? Selecte d Answer : The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low- density lipoproteins (LDLs) A patient has been diagnosed with an empyema. What does the healthcare professional tell the patient about this condition? Selecte d Answer : We will have to drain the pus out of your pleural space. A patient has been admitted for a possible small intestinal obstruction. What is the first sign the healthcare professional assesses for that would indicate the presence of this condition? Selecte d Answer: pg. 1 2 • Question 4 1 out of 1 points V o mitin g Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what? pg. 2 2 • Question 9 1 out of 1 points • Question 10 1 out of 1 points • Question 11 1 out of 1 points Selecte d Answer : Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria. A student studying biology asks the professor to describe how the ras gene is involved in cancer proliferation. What explanation by the professor is best? Selecte d Answer : A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell growth. A healthcare professional cares for older adults in a skilled nursing facility. What should the professional assess for in these individuals related to cardiovascular functioning? Selecte d Answer : Increased rate of falling and dizzy spells A healthcare professional is educating a patient on asthma. The professional tells the patient that the most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with which action? pg. 5 2 • Question 12 0 out of 1 points Selecte d Answer : Avoidance of the causative agent A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations. Which statement about vaccines does the professional pg. 6 2 • Question 13 1 out of 1 points • Question 14 1 out of 1 points • Question 15 1 out of 1 points include in the presentation? Selecte d Answer : Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms. Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism? Selecte d Answer : Second a ry Which renal change is found in older adults? Selecte d Answer : Decrease in the number of nephrons What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Selecte d Answer : Hypoxic injury pg. 7 2 The patient reports that he has been sick with the flu for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency? Selecte d Answer : Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis. • Question 21 pg. 10 2 • Question 22 1 out of 1 points • Question 23 1 out of 1 points • Question 24 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best? Selecte d Answer : Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels. The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by what? Selecte d Answer : Endogenous pyrogens A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what? Selecte d Answer : Resistance to insulin by insulin- sensitive tissues A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description by the professor pg. 11 2 • Question 25 1 out of 1 points is best? Selecte d Answer : Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine- producing helper T 1 cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets. A healthcare professional is educating a patient about asthma. The pg. 12 2 • Question 31 1 out of 1 points • Question 32 1 out of 1 points • Question 33 0 out of 1 points 1 out of 1 points Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system? Selecte d Answer : Stiffening of the chest wall A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate? Selecte d Answer : A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best? Selecte d Answer : Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What pg. 15 2 response by the professional is best? Selecte d Answer : Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus • Question 34 pg. 16 2 • Question 35 1 out of 1 points • Question 36 1 out of 1 points • Question 37 1 out of 1 points 1 out of 1 points What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? Selecte d Answer : Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation A healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the skin-related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to treat? Selecte d Answer : Infecti o n Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures? Selecte d Answer : Left ventricl e A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures. What disorder would the professional assess the patient for? pg. 17 2 • Question 42 1 out of 1 points A n tibiotic therapy What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine? pg. 20 2 • Question 43 1 out of 1 points • Question 44 1 out of 1 points • Question 45 1 out of 1 points Selecte d Answer : Salivation decreases. A student is preparing to irrigate a patient's wound and gathers supplies, including hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best? Selecte d Answer : Tell the student to get some normal saline instead. Which cardiac chambers have the thinnest wall and why? Selecte d Answer : The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Selecte d Answer : Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease pg. 21 2 • Question 46 1 out of 1 points A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the professor is best? Selecte d Answer : Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen • Question 47 pg. 22 • Question 52 1 out of 1 points 2 • Question 53 0 out of 1 points • Question 54 1 out of 1 points Answer: vasoconstriction A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best? Selecte d Answer : No, many hormones are made from cholesterol. A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best? Selecte d Answer : Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest. A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6- packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get? Selecte d Answer : Hepatic function pg. 25 2 • Question 55 0 out of 1 points Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in? Selecte d Answer : Increase in afterload pg. 26 • Question 56 1 out of 1 points 2 • Question 57 0 out of 1 points • Question 58 1 out of 1 points • Question 59 0 out of 1 points People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle? Selecte d Answer : Expressi vi ty The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept? Selecte d Answer : Rat i o A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet? Selecte d Answer : Iodi n e A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure pg. 27 2 • Question 64 1 out of 1 points the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel? Selecte d Answer : Murmur heard on auscultation A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is pg. 30 2 • Question 65 1 out of 1 points • Question 66 0 out of 1 points • Question 67 0 out of 1 points best? Selecte d Answer : Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn of the system. A class of students has learned about contributing factors to duodenal ulcers. What statement indicates to the professor that the students need a review? Selecte d Answer : Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the mucosa to acid. The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells? Selecte d Answer : Fibrobla st cells What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion? Selecte d Answer: pg. 31 2 • Question 68 0 out of 1 points M a cula densa A patient has been diagnosed with primary emphysema but claims there is no history of smoking. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate? pg. 32 • Question 73 1 out of 1 points 2 • Question 74 1 out of 1 points • Question 75 0 out of 1 points A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory finding would be most helpful to the healthcare professional? Selecte d Answer : Serum calciu m A parent wants to know how to prevent type 1 diabetes in the newborn. The healthcare professional explains that prevention is not possible, because which of these is a major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Selecte d Answer : An autoimmune cause factor A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the function of the papillary muscles. What response by the professional is best? Selecte d Answer : The papillary muscles open the semilunar valves. pg. 35 2 • Question 76 1 out of 1 points The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac location? Selecte d Answer : Atr i a • Question 77 pg. 36 2 • Question 78 1 out of 1 points • Question 79 1 out of 1 points • Question 80 1 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)? Selecte d Answer : Anterior pituitary tumor A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for? Selecte d Answer : Hemosider o sis A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition? Selecte d Answer : Low platelet count pg. 37 2 • Question 85 1 out of 1 points A Rh-negative woman gave birth to a Rh-positive baby. When discussing Rho[D] immunoglobulin with her, what information should the healthcare professional provide? Selecte d Answer : It prevents alloimmunity and hemolytic anemia of the newborn. • Question 86 pg. 40 2 • Question 87 1 out of 1 points • Question 88 0 out of 1 points • Question 89 1 out of 1 points 1 out of 1 points If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner? Selecte d Answer : Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O 2) to be released to the cells What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection? Selecte d Answer : It converts RNA into double- stranded DNA. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? Selecte d Answer : Oxyg e n A female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. What self-care measure does the healthcare provider teach the patient that is specific to this type of infection? pg. 41 2 • Question 90 0 out of 1 points Selecte d Answer : After using the bathroom, wipe from front to back. During the cardiac cycle, why do the aortic and pulmonic valves close pg. 42 2 • Question 95 1 out of 1 points • Question 96 1 out of 1 points • Question 97 1 out of 1 points Selecte d Answer : An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears A patient had a motor vehicle crash and suffered critical injuries to the brainstem. What physiological responses would the healthcare professional expect to see? Selecte d Answer : Pulse and blood pressure changes How do free radicals cause cell damage? Selecte d Answer : Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane What is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area called? Selecte d Answer : Proximal convoluted tubules pg. 45 2 • Question 98 0 out of 1 points • Question 99 1 out of 1 points What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? Selecte d Answer : Emigration of neutrophils pg. 46 2 • Question 100 0 out of 1 points After a partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism? Selecte d Answer : Rapid gastric emptying A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium- containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior? Selecte d Answer : Potassium 2.5 mEq/L pg. 47