NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Walden University A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? - Correct answer Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? - Correct answer Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? - Correct answer Answer: XXY A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? - Correct answer Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? - Correct answer Answer: Expressivity In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? - Correct answer Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen. When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene - Correct answer Answer: Autosomal recessive How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? - Correct answer Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: - Correct answer Answer: Sodium The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: - Correct answer Answer: Reduced protein synthesis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? - Correct answer Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. - Correct answer Answer: Turner syndrome A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? - Correct answer Answer: Nucleolus The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? - Correct answer Answer: Maternal nondisjunction burning calories at an excessive rate weight ___ stimulates sympathetic nervous system: alert, quick reflexes, increased HR & BP (fight or flight response_ Heat intolerance: increased body temp Active GI: diarrhea anterior pituitary gland - Correct answer the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cushing's disease - Correct answer (Remember: *UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP*) HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia adrenal cortex - Correct answer outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones Aldosterone - Correct answer Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water to regulate BP via angiotensin-aldosterone system, retention of sodium and secretes potassium cortisol - Correct answer stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex helps the body deal with stress such as illness or injury increases blood glucose breaks down fats, proteins, carbs electrolyte regulations Negative feedback - Correct answer Hypothalamus releases CRH corticotropin releasing hormone --> pituitary gland releases ATCH adrenocorticotropic hormone --> adrenal cortex to release cortisol increased - Correct answer Cushings disease has ___ secretion of cortisol decreased - Correct answer Addison's disease has __ secretion of cortisol and aldosterone Need to ADD some steroids syndrome - Correct answer Cushing ___ is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids disease - Correct answer Cushings ___ is when an internal issue is causing over production of cortisol autoimmune - Correct answer Addison's disease is typically an ____ disorder where the body is attacking the adrenal cortex on top of the adrenal gland Cushing's - Correct answer ___ symptoms: skin fragile truncal obesity, small extremities with striae on them excessive hair "moon face" buffalo hump females --> no menstruation males--> ED hyperglycemia d/t high cortisol Addison's - Correct answer ___ symptoms: brownish hyperpigmentation of skin diarrhea, nausea hyponatremia d/t low aldosterone levels --> hyperkalemia hypoglycemia d/t low cortisol low bp, risk for vascular collapse going into shock Anti-diuretic hormone - Correct answer aka Vasopressin ADH is a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. increase - Correct answer SIADH will have ___ in antidiuretic hormone decrease - Correct answer Diabetes insipidus will have a __ in ADH posterior pituitary gland - Correct answer stores and secretes ADH mitral stenosis - Correct answer narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left vetricle mitral valve prolapse - Correct answer Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers. billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole pulmonic regurgitation - Correct answer pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle causes blood from from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole pulmonic stenosis - Correct answer narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systole deep vein thrombosis - Correct answer blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb d/t impaired venous return, endothelial injury or hypercoagulability thrombi - Correct answer __ consist of thrombin, fibrin, and red blood cells with few platelets and without treatment can travel to the lungs causing PE Hypertension - Correct answer high blood pressure sustained SBP >130 BP= cardiac output x total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) HTN leads to ↑ CO, ↑ TPR common signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease. - Correct answer cough, dyspnea, abnormal sputum, chest pain, hemoptysis, cyanosis, digital clubbing, altered breathing patterns What are the structures of the pulmonary system? - Correct answer (1) Upper airways (2) 2 lungs-Right lung (3 lobes) and Left lung (2 lobes)-segments- then lobules(3) Lower airways (4) Blood vessels serve the pulmonary system (5) Chest wall or thoracic cage (6) Diaphragm: Involved in ventilation, primary muscle for ventilation (7) Carina (8) Hila-where the right and let bronchi enter the lungs, along with blood and lymph vessels (9) Globet cells-mucus producing (10) Cillia ventilation - Correct answer mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported across the alveolocapillary barrier? - Correct answer Once the venous blood returns to the lungs, the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, through the capillaries, and into the alveoli from where it is expelled, during which time oxygen simultaneously binds with hemoglobin to be carried back to the tissues. What is dyspnea? - Correct answer Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is a subjective sensation that is difficult to quantify. It can be perceived as chest tightness or discomfort, breathlessness, or air hunger. It is one of the most common respiratory symptoms and can result from virtually any illness that involves the thorax. Dyspnea often begins with dyspnea on exertion (DOE) or orthopnea (dyspnea when lying supine), but may progress. What causes dyspnea? What are some associated signs and symptoms? - Correct answer dyspnea is caused by diffuse or focal disturbances of ventilation, gas exchange, or ventilation- perfusion relationships. signs and symptoms are flaring of the nostrils and retractions. cough - Correct answer protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration Causes of cough - Correct answer inhaled particles, accumulate mucus, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign body initiates the cough reflex by stimulating irritant receptors in the airway hemoptysis - Correct answer coughing up blood from the respiratory tract. usually indicates infection or inflammation that damages the bronchi or the lung parenchyma. other causes are cancer and pulmonary infarction. cyanosis - Correct answer a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. caused by increasing amounts of desaturated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood. clubbing - Correct answer bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions.