NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Questions with answers, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Questions with answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Questions with answers A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? ✔Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? ✔Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? ✔Answer: XXY A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? ✔Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? ✔Answer: Expressivity In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? ✔Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen. When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene ✔Answer: Autosomal recessive How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? ✔Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: ✔Answer: Sodium The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: ✔Answer: Reduced protein synthesis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? ✔Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. ✔Answer: Turner syndrome A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? ✔Answer: Nucleolus The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? ✔Answer: Maternal nondisjunction A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: ✔Answer: Delayed age of onset A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? ✔Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35 What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? ✔Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis? ✔Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: ✔Answer: Decreased ATP production breaks down fats, proteins, carbs electrolyte regulations Negative feedback ✔Hypothalamus releases CRH corticotropin releasing hormone --> pituitary gland releases ATCH adrenocorticotropic hormone --> adrenal cortex to release cortisol increased ✔Cushings disease has ___ secretion of cortisol decreased ✔Addison's disease has __ secretion of cortisol and aldosterone Need to ADD some steroids syndrome ✔Cushing ___ is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids disease ✔Cushings ___ is when an internal issue is causing over production of cortisol autoimmune ✔Addison's disease is typically an ____ disorder where the body is attacking the adrenal cortex on top of the adrenal gland Cushing's ✔___ symptoms: skin fragile truncal obesity, small extremities with striae on them excessive hair "moon face" buffalo hump females --> no menstruation males--> ED hyperglycemia d/t high cortisol Addison's ✔___ symptoms: brownish hyperpigmentation of skin diarrhea, nausea hyponatremia d/t low aldosterone levels --> hyperkalemia hypoglycemia d/t low cortisol low bp, risk for vascular collapse going into shock Anti-diuretic hormone ✔aka Vasopressin ADH is a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. increase ✔SIADH will have ___ in antidiuretic hormone decrease ✔Diabetes insipidus will have a __ in ADH posterior pituitary gland ✔stores and secretes ADH after hypothalamus produces ADH Pheochromocytoma ✔a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, and dopa) leading to high BP, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. diabetic ketoacidosis ✔acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and amino acids instead of glucose) for energy hyperglycemia hyperketonemia metabolic acidosis occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus cerebral, coma ✔DKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abd pain and can progress to __ edema, __ and death deficiency ✔DKA: hyperglycemia d/t insulin ___ causes an osmotic diuresis leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassium inflammation ✔Pericarditis is ___ of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion) cardiac tamponade ✔acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity--> impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output. infective endocarditis ✔inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves. most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. commonly caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. can also occur after an invasive medical or dental procedure. symptoms: valvular dysfunction, may affect organ systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis myocarditis ✔inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac myocytes biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulomas direct cardiomyocyte injury cased by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic agent aortic regurgitation ✔(aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle during diastole