NURS 6501N Midterm Exam – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – SPRING Term, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 6501N Midterm Exam – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – SPRING Term and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!  ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM- SPRING 2020  Question 1 0 out of 1 points When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? Selected Answer: The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)  Question 2 1 out of 1 points A patient has been diagnosed with an empyema. What does the healthcare professional tell the patient about this condition? Selected Answer: We will have to drain the pus out of your pleural space.  Question 3 0 out of 1 points A patient has been admitted for a possible small intestinal obstruction. What is the first sign the healthcare professional assesses for that would indicate the presence of this condition? Selected Answer: Vomitin g  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what? Selected Answer: Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth  Question 5 1 out of 1 points A patient had a myocardial infarction that damaged the SA node, which is no longer functioning as the pacemaker of the heart. What heart rate would the healthcare provider expect the patient to have? Selected Answer: 40 to 60 beats/min  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Selected Answer: Active-acquired immunity  Question 7 1 out of 1 points In teaching a women's community group, which risk factor does the healthcare professional teach is related to high morbidity of cancer of the colon, uterus, and kidney? Selected Answer: Women who have a high body mass index  Question 8 0 out of 1 points A student asks the healthcare professional to describe exotoxins. Which statement by the professional is best? Selected Answer: Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points A student studying biology asks the professor to describe how the ras gene is involved in cancer proliferation. What explanation by the professor is best? Selected Answer: A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell growth.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points A patient diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following laboratory values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; positive urine glucose and ketones; serum potassium (K +) 2 mEq/L; serum sodium (Na +) 130 mEq/L. The patient reports that he has been sick with the flu for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency? Selected Answer: Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis.  Question 21 0 out of 1 points A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.  Question 22 1 out of 1 points The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by what? Selected Answer: Endogenous pyrogens  Question 23 1 out of 1 points A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what? Selected Answer: Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues  Question 24 0 out of 1 points A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets.  Question 25 1 out of 1 points A healthcare professional is educating a patient about asthma. The professional states that good control is necessary due to which pathophysiologic process? Selected Answer: Uncontrolled inflammation leads to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring.  Question 26 0 out of 1 points What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora? Selected Answer: Facilitating the motility of the colon  Question 27 1 out of 1 points An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident? Selected Answer: Alpha fetoprotein  Question 28 0 out of 1 points Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel? Selected Answer: Pulmonary artery  Question 29 1 out of 1 points A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best? Selected Answer: Give the patient an antihistamine.  Question 30 1 out of 1 points Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system? Selected Answer: Stiffening of the chest wall  Question 31 1 out of 1 points A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate? Selected Answer: A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.  Question 32 1 out of 1 points A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.  Question 33 0 out of 1 points A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus  Question 34 1 out of 1 points What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? Selected Answer: Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation  Question 35 1 out of 1 points  Question 45 1 out of 1 points Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Selected Answer: Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease  Question 46 1 out of 1 points A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen  Question 47 1 out of 1 points The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? Selected Answer: Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries  Question 48 1 out of 1 points What is one function of the tumor cell marker? Selected Answer: To screen individuals at high risk for cancer  Question 49 1 out of 1 points A patient has a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 30mmHg. What assessment finding by the healthcare professional would be most consistent with this reading? Selected Answer: Pink, frothy sputum  Question 50 1 out of 1 points A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the professional is most accurate? Selected Answer: Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure.  Question 51 1 out of 1 points What are blood pressure variations associated with? Selected Answer: The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction  Question 52 1 out of 1 points A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best? Selected Answer: No, many hormones are made from cholesterol.  Question 53 0 out of 1 points A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest.  Question 54 1 out of 1 points A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6-packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get? Selected Answer: Hepatic function  Question 55 0 out of 1 points Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in? Selected Answer: Increase in afterload  Question 56 1 out of 1 points People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle? Selected Answer: Expressivi ty  Question 57 0 out of 1 points The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept? Selected Answer: Rati o  Question 58 1 out of 1 points A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet? Selected Answer: Iodin e  Question 59 0 out of 1 points A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient when stone analysis has returned? Selected Answer: Increase water intake. Selected Answer: Inability to diffuse oxygen  Question 70 0 out of 1 points The student wants information about a patient's renal function. What test does the healthcare professional tell the student to evaluate? Selected Answer: Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine  Question 71 1 out of 1 points Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct? Selected Answer: Antidiuretic hormone  Question 72 1 out of 1 points When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is associated with only DKA? Selected Answer: Kussmaul respirations  Question 73 1 out of 1 points A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory finding would be most helpful to the healthcare professional? Selected Answer: Serum calcium  Question 74 1 out of 1 points A parent wants to know how to prevent type 1 diabetes in the newborn. The healthcare professional explains that prevention is not possible, because which of these is a major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Selected Answer: An autoimmune cause factor  Question 75 0 out of 1 points A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the function of the papillary muscles. What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: The papillary muscles open the semilunar valves.  Question 76 1 out of 1 points The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac location? Selected Answer: Atri a  Question 77 0 out of 1 points A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)? Selected Answer: Anterior pituitary tumor  Question 78 1 out of 1 points A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for? Selected Answer: Hemosidero sis  Question 79 1 out of 1 points A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition? Selected Answer: Low platelet count  Question 80 1 out of 1 points A healthcare professional tells a student that a patient has lost atrial kick. What would the student expect to see when examining this patient? Selected Answer: Signs of decreased cardiac output  Question 81 0 out of 1 points Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? Selected Answer: The response is innate, rather than acquired.  Question 82 1 out of 1 points Why is leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injuries significant? Selected Answer: Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.  Question 83 1 out of 1 points A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding? Selected Answer: Ca ++: 8.2 mg/dL  Question 84 0 out of 1 points A healthcare professional is assessing a child who has complete trisomy of the twenty- first chromosome. What findings does the professional relate to this condition? Selected Answer: An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears  Question 95 1 out of 1 points A patient had a motor vehicle crash and suffered critical injuries to the brainstem. What physiological responses would the healthcare professional expect to see? Selected Answer: Pulse and blood pressure changes  Question 96 1 out of 1 points How do free radicals cause cell damage? Selected Answer: Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane  Question 97 1 out of 1 points What is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area called? Selected Answer: Proximal convoluted tubules  Question 98 0 out of 1 points What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? Selected Answer: Emigration of neutrophils  Question 99 1 out of 1 points After a partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism? Selected Answer: Rapid gastric emptying  Question 100 0 out of 1 points A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior? Selected Answer: Potassium 2.5 mEq/L