Psychology 101 Study Guide Review 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download Psychology 101 Study Guide Review 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 / 28 Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 1.Three Ways of Doing Psychology: 1. Experimental 2.Teachers 3.Applied 2. Critical Thinking: 1. What is the source? 2. Is the claim reasonable? 3.What is the evidence? 4.Could bias contaminate the conclusion? -emotional bias -conformational bias 5.Does the reasoning avoid common fallacies (common sense)? 6.Does the issue require multiple perspectives? 3. Six main viewpoints of Modern Psychology: 1. Biological 2.Cognitive 3.Behavioral 4.Whole-person 5.Developmental 6.Sociocultural perspectives 4.Empirical Investigation: Research conducted, and conclusions reached, by means of observation and documentation. 2 / 28 Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 5.Theory: Testable explanations for a broad set of facts or observations. 6.Four Steps to the Scientific Method: 1. Develop a Hypothesis. 2.Collect Objective Data. 3.Analyze the Results. Accept or Reject the Hypothesis. 4.Publish, Criticize or Replicate the Results. 7. Five Types of Psychological Research: 1. Experiments - variable 2.Correlational Studies - determine the nature of the relationship between variable but cannot determine the cause and effect. - "natural experiments" have already occurred by chance in the real world 3.Survey - determine peoples attitudes, preferences or other characteristics. - vulnerable to bias 4.Naturalistic Observations - Descriptive research technique in which the researcher assesses the behavior of subjects under studying their natural condition 5.Case Studies - Few individuals. 5 / 28 Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions -sends messages to the brain and efferent sends messages to the muscles to act on them. 2. The Autonomic Division of PNS (carries signals that regulate internal organs) - Sympathetic division - "fight or flight" system, arouses the heart, lungs and other organs in stressful situations. - Parasympathetic division - returns body to its calm state 13.The Cerebral Cortex: - Two cerebral hemispheres are connected by fibers (corpus callosum) - Cerebrum accounts for 2/3 the brain's total mass. - Cerebral cortex is wrinkled to allow billions of cells to squeeze into the tight space inside the skull. 14.Sensation and Perception: 1. Information (stimuli) 2.Sensation 6 / 28 Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions (raw data is processed by sensory receptors) 7 / 28 Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 3.Perception (sensations are processed in the brain and assigned meaning) 15.Transduction: Sensory process that converts the information carried by a phys- ical stimulus such as light or sound waves into the form of neural messages. (physical - thought pattern) 16.Vision: Helps us to detect desired targets, threats and changes in our physical environment. 17.Two Ways of Seeing Color: Trichromatic Theory - Color is realized in the brain, color processing begins in the retina. - Light waves are sensed as red, green and blue. Opponent-Process Theory - Negative afterimages. - Phenomena that involves opponent or complementary colors. 18.Hearing: Helps with the ability to locate objects in a space. 19.Position and Movement: Kinesthetic - sense of body and movement Vestibular 10 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 28.Color Constancy: When the brain automatically corrects the color under differ- ent lighting conditions. 29.Learning: A process thorugh which experience produces a lasting change in behavior or mental processes. 30.Habituation: A simple form of learning in which the learning is not to respond. This skill is useful as a response to familiar stimuli. 31.Classical Conditioning: A behavioral process where a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforce- ment. Reinforcement is typically a stimulus or reward for a desired response. 32.Reinforcement: An stimulus that follows and strengthens a response. -Positive -Negative 33.Primary and Secondary Reinforcers: Primary Reinforcer - reinforces an organisms innate need - ex: food, sex Secondary Reinforcer - money or grades 11 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 34.Punishment: An aversive consequence used to weaken the behavior that it follows. 35.Cognitive Map: Mental image that an organism uses to navigate through a familiar environment. 36.Memory's Three Basic Tasks: 1. Encoding Begins by requiring a selection of some stimulus event from the array of stimuli inputs and them making a preliminary classification. Then, mental label is attached. 2.Elaboration Connect a new concept with existing information. 3.Retrieval Accessing the info and bringing it to consciousness or in a form that influences behavior at an unconscious level. 37. Memory Stages: 1. Sensory Memory - few secs 2.Working Memory - 20 - 30 secs 3.Long-term Memory 38.Chunk: Any meaningful unit of information, consisting of whatever info 12 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions can be organized into meaning. 39.Maintenance Rehersal: Keep information in working memory, driven its very short storage time. 15 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. nose, e and blue spectrum d and green. he shifting ecede into16 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 54.Sensation: the process by which sensory organs in the eye, ear, skin, and other tissues receive and detect stimuli Feeling 55.Cornea: the clear, outer layer of the eye that shields it from damag incoming light waves 56.Saturation: color purity A color's purity of hue; its intensity 57.Afterimage: an image that appears to linger in the visual field after it's stimulus or source is removed 58.Trichromatic Theory: the perception of color is the result of three types of cones, each sensitive to particular wavelengths in the red, green,and We have three types of cones in the retina: cones that detect blue, re Cones are activated in different combinations to produce all colors. ( afterimage or colorblindness) by the brain he dark 17 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 59.Figure-Ground: a central principle of Gestalt psychology, involving t of focus, as attention is focused on one object, all other features drop or r the background The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out fr surroundings (ground). 60.Perception: the organization and interpretation of sensory stimuli The act of becoming aware through the senses 61.Light Adaptation: Ability of the eyes to adjust to light after being in t 20 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 70.hue: the color of an object determined by the wavelength of light it reflects 0% of the time ncoming stim- nowledg e ence in order to 71. Absolute threshold: the weakest stimuli that can be detected 5 72. Data-based processing: taking basic sensory information about i uli and processing it for further interpretation. what cameras and video - collect data. "new experience, unplanned 21 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 73.Kinesthia: sensory system that conveys information about body position and movement 74.Knowledge Based Processing: drawing on past experiences and k to understand and interpret sensory information. memory of past experi knowledge to understand sensory information 75.Accommodation: the process by which the lens changes shape focus on images near and far he frequency er second, perceived 22 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 76.Gustation: the sensation of taste 77.Audition: the sense of hearing 78.Pitch: the degree of which a sound is high or low determined by t of its sound wave 79.Frequency: the number of sound waves passing a given point p higher frequency is perceived as higher pitch, and lower frequency is lower pitch 80.Iris: the muscle responsible for changing the size of the pupil ecting specific ents vibrating hair whole, rather the basilar hemical and 91. Feature Detectors: neurons in the visual cortex specialized in det features of the visual experience, such as angles, lines, and movem own constant 25 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 92.Weber's Law: the law stating that each of the five senses has its' ratio determining difference thresholds 93.Place Theory: states that pitch corresponds to the location of the cells along the cochlea 94.Gestalt: the natural tendency for the brain to organize stimuli into a than perceiving the parts and pieces 95.Retina Disparity: the binocular cue that uses the difference between the images the two eyes see to determine the distance of the objects 96.Cochlea: fluid-filled,small shape organ of the inner ear lined with membrane 97.Photoreceptors: cells that absorb light energy and turn it into c electrical signals for the brain to process location for e muscles and 26 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 98.Retina: the layer of the eye that contains photo receptor cells and the transduction of light energy into the neural activity 99.Proprioceptors: specialized nerve endings primarily located in th joints that provide information about body location and orientation 100. Difference Threshold: the minimum difference between stimuli that can be noticed 50% of the time. "noticeable difference" peak or f only one ye ensitive to n socks pth based on bjects ors influence nvironment 101. Amplitude: the height of the wave,(the distance from midpoint to midpoint to the trough) of the wave. Taller height, the brighter the light 102. Monocular Cue: depth and distance cues that require the use 27 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 103. Sensory Adaptation: sensory receptors tend to become less constant stimuli Constant stimulation of a sense can produce adaptation (ex: putting o not feeling them throughout the day.) 104. Convergence: a bionocular cue used to judge distance and de the tension of the muscles that direct where eyes are focusing When objects are closer to you, it requires greater eye strain to see o to you 105. Signal Detection Theory: a theory explaining how various fact our ability to detect weak signals in the environment A theory of perception in which internal (psychological) and external (e context both play a role in our perception of stimuli. 106. Temperaments: Sanguine (air), Choleric (fire), Melancholic (earth), Phlegmat- ic (water) od, sex, water, 30 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 2.Denial 3.Projection 4.Displacement 5.Regression 6.Sublimation 115. Neofreudians: "Psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely linked American theorists of the mid-twentieth century, who were all influenced by Sigmund Freud, but who extended his theories, often in social or cultural directions." 116. Psychodynamics: is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emo- tions and how they might relate to early experience. 117. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: 1. Psychological- Breathing, fo etc. 2.Safety- Security, Health, Employment 3.Love Belongings- Frien 31 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 118. Humanists: Focus on subjective human experience (opposite of behaviorist). Free will is key: predecessors were deterministic. Psychological needs were love, self-esteem, creativity, etc. 119. Humanism: "An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters" 120. Psychologist: "Are doctor ally-trained professionals who conduct research, perform testing, and evaluate and treat a full range of emotional and psychological challenges." 121. Description: In scientific research, the process of naming and classifying. 122. Understanding: In psychology, understanding is achieved when the cause of behavior can be stated. 123. Prediction: An ability to accurately forecast behavior. 124. Control: Altering conditions that influence behavior. 125. WEIRD: WEIRD is the phenomenon that plagues a lot of psychology and other social science studies: Their participants are overwhelming Western, educated, and from industrialized, rich, and democratic countries. 126. Applied vs Basic Research: Applied research is one type of research that is used to answer a specific question that has direct applications to the 32 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions world. This is the type of research that solves a problem. Basic research is another type of research, and it is driven purely by curiosity and a desire to expand our knowledge. This type of research tends not to be directly applicable to the real world in a direct way, but enhances our understanding of the world around us. 127. Experimental vs. Non Experimental: An experiment is any study in which a treatment is introduced. A new method of teaching. A non-experimental study does not introduce a treatment. Comparing opinions from natural groups. 128. IV & DV: The IV is the variable that is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter; whereas the DV is not manipulated, instead the DV is observed or measured for variation as a presumed result of the variation in the IV. 129. Experimental Group: An experimental group is the group in a scientific exper- iment where the experimental procedure is performed. This group is exposed to the independent variable being tested and the changes observed and recorded. 130. Control Group: A control group is a group separated from the rest of the ex- periment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. ycho- that ing behavior. esisted ycholog y. h- 35 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 136. functionalism: Studied how the mind functions to enable humans and other animals to adapt to their environment. 137. psychoanalysis (Freud): Developed psychodynamic theory and ps analysis Focused on unconscious processes Believed that the unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires hidden but still influence current behavior. 138. behaviorism (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner: Pavlov: classical conditioning Watson: early behaviorism/classical condition. Should focus on study Little Albert. Skinner: theory of operant conditioning. Advocate for behaviorism. R of the unseen. 139. humanism (Rogers, Maslow): Maslow: fouder of the humanistic ps known for maslow hierarchy of needs. Rodgers: client centered therapy first APA award 36 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions free will, self-actulization and human nature as anturally positive and growt 140. Hierarchy of needs: Bottom to top Physiological needs: food, water, Warmth, rest vitie nk, learn, ocessin ortant for ity 37 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions Safety needs: security, safety belongingness and love needs: Intimate relationships, friends esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment self actulization: achieving one's ful potential, including creative acti needs and safety=basic needs love and esteem=psychological needs self-fulfilment needs 141. cognitive (Miller): Cognitive psychology: the study of how people thi and remember thinking, perceving, problem solving, memory, language, and information pr miller: launches cognitive revolution 142. Brain chemistry;: hundreds of substances play critical roles in mental activity and behavior, not just a few 143. neuroscience: Localization of function: Some brain areas are imp specific feelings, thoughts, and actions Many brain regions work together to produce behavior and mental activ 40 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 149. Minorities in psychology: Between 1920 and 1966 Only 0.2% of the PhDs from the most prestigious universities went to African Americans Early pioneers paved the way for others Francis Cecil Sumner: 1st African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology Studied with G. Stanley Hall Published research concerning strategies for the higher education of African Amer- ican youths Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark: Studied the racial identity in children Their research was cited by the Supreme Court when it outlawed school segregation 150. women in psychology: Women were not allowed to earn advanced degrees until well into the 20th Century Belief that women were not smart enough or were unsuited for professional careers Even when they earned degrees, they could not get academic positions 151. Women in psychology: Mary Whiton Calkins: Student of William James at Harvard but was not awarded a Ph.D. 41 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions Founded psychology lab at Wellesley College First female in the APA, and first female president of the APA in 1905 Margaret Floy Washburn: First woman to receive Ph.D. in Psychology Wrote The Animal Mind, which helped begin the Behaviorist movement. Elected president of the APA 1921. Leta Stetter Hollingworth: Debunked popular theories that suggested women were inferior to men. Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental "retardation" & "gifted" children. Helen Thompson Woolley: Early female psychologist Studied sex differences and found that many presumed differences did not exist 152. applied vs. basic research: Research designed to solve practical problems Meets the goal of change vs. Research conducted to advance scientific knowledge rather than for practical appli- cation Meets the goals of describe, explain, and predict 153. scientific method and terms: 1. Question and literature review 42 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 2.Testable hypothisis 3.Research design 45 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions Experimental group versus control group 46 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions Random assignment Controlling confounding variables 164. Experiment: Independent variable: Dependent variable:: Researcher manipulates one variable to examine its effect on a second variable variable that is manipulated variable that is measured 165. experimental control groups: the treatment groups that receive the intervention a comparison group that does not receive the intervention (or receives one unrelated to the independent variable) 166. random assignment: Each research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable Random assignment balances out known and unknown factors, increasing the likelihood that the groups are equivalent 167. confounding variables: anything other than the independent variable that affects a dependent variable 47 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 168. experimenter participant bias: When the researcher influences the results in the expected direction Occurs when experimental conditions influence the participant's behavior 169. placebo effect: Inactive substance used as a control 170. single double blinds: Only the researcher, and not the participants, knows who is in either the experimental or control group Both the researcher and the participants are unaware (blind) of who is in the experimental or control 50 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions pros: faster and less expensive than longitudinal. cons: unidentified variables may be involved. 178. longitudinal: involve observing and classifying developmental changes that occur in the same people over time, either with no intervention by the observer or with intervention by the observer. pros: provide information about the effects of age on the same people, allowing researchers to see developmental changes. cons: ecpensive, take a long time, and may lose participants over time. 179. correlational studies--: examine how variables are naturally related in the real world Researchers do not attempt to alter variables Researchers cannot draw causal conclusions from correlational studies 180. positive negative correlations: One in which the two variables move (or vary) in the same direction—the two factors increase or decrease together. one in which two factors vary in opposite directions 51 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 181. correlation coefficient: calculated by a formula that produces a number rang- ing from 1.00 to 1.00. Both +1.00 and -1.00 are the strongest possible relationship. As the number decreases and gets closer to 0.00, the relationship weakens. 52 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 182. causation--directionality: Researchers find a relationship between two vari- ables but cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable 183. third variable issues: Researchers cannot be confident that an unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest Feasibility— generally less difficult and expensive than experiments Generalizability— correlational research, done well, generally reflects the "real world" more than experimental design Ethical Considerations— manipulation of some variables would violate ethics 184. biological research methods: 185. electrical recordings: electrical activity throughout the brain sweeps in regular waves across its surface. reveals areas of the brain most active during particular tasks or mental states. 186. PET scan: posiron emission tomography designed to detect abnormalities, now used to identify brain areas active 55 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions and: Nerve cell that processes and transmits information; basic building block of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information 195. glial cells: Cell that provides structural, nutritional, and other support for the neurons, as well as communication within the nervous system; also called glia or neuroglia 196. action potential: A neuron's basic function is to transmit information through- out the nervous system. Neurons "speak" in a type of electrical and chemical language. The process of neural communication begins within the neuron itself, when the dendrites and cell body receive electrical "messages." These messages move along the axon in the form of a neural impulse, or action potential 197. D ’ C ’ A: dendrites, the cell body, and an axon (Figure 2.6). To remember how information travels through the neuron, think of these three in reverse alphabetical order: Dendrite ’ Cell Body ’ Axon. 198. dendrites: recieve information from other cells 199. cell body: recieves information from dendrites and if enough simulation is recevied the message is passed on to the axon. 56 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 200. axon: carries neurons messsage to other body cells 201. myelin sheath: covers the axon of some neurons to insulate and help speed neural impulses In a myelinated axon, the nerve impulse moves about 10 times faster than in a bare axon because the action potential jumps from node to node rather than traveling p and attach 57 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions along the entire axon. MS 202. terminal buttons: of axon form junctions with other cells and release chemi- cals called neurotransmitters. 203. depolarization: 1. resting potential when an axon is not stimulated it is in a polarized state, called the resting potential 2.action potential intitation when at rest axon membrane is stimulated by a sufficently strong signal, it produces an action potenial(depolarization) 3.spreading of action potential and repolarization the inital depolarization of step 2 produces a subsequent imbalanced of ions in the adjacent axon membrane. overall summary. the sequential process of depolarization and repolarization moving the action poten- tial from the cell body to the terminal buttons is similar to fans at an athletic event doing the "wave" 204. synaptic gap: These chemicals then move across the synaptic ga to the membranes of the receiving neuron. In this 60 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions valium and alcohol are GABA: Gaba is the brains primary inhibitory NT. when active are you are naturally more relaxed. Prozac: blocks the reuptake of serotin, used as an anti- depressant. cocaine: dopamine and norepinephrine. 208. antagonistic drugs: decrease supply, release and block recepetors. curare is an acetylcholine antagonist. bloacks receptors, prevents NT from activating. can paralyze and can stop respiration. cobra venom is alike. 209. parts of the central nervous system: 210. spinal cord: cord Beginning at the base of the brain and continuing down the back, the spinal cord carries vital information from the rest of the body into and out of the brain. But the spinal cord doesn't simply relay messages. It can also initiate some automatic behaviors on its own. 211. reflexes: Innate, automatic response to a stimulus (e.g., knee-jerk reflex) We're all born with numerous reflexes, many of which fade over time. But even as adults, we still blink in response to a puff of air in our eyes, gag when something touches the back of the throat, and urinate and defecate in response to pressure in the bladder and rectum. Reflexes even influence our sexual responses. Certain stimuli, such as the stroking of the genitals, can lead to arousal and the reflexive muscle contractions of orgasm in both men 61 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions and women. However, in order to have the passion, thoughts, and emotion we normally associate with sex, the sensory information from the stroking and orgasm must be carried to the brain. 212. depth perception: involves both binocular (two-eye) and monocular (one-eye) cues 213. visual cliff: infants hesitate to crawl over the glass, demonstrating some depth perception 214. form perception (gestalt): Gestalt Principles Rather than perceiving its discrete parts as separate entities, the Gestaltists empha- sized the importance of organization and patterning in enabling us to perceive the whole stimulus. 215. optical illusions: learned to make the size and judgements from perspective cues 216. selective attention: filtering out and attending only to important sensory mes- sages 217. Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Subdivision of the peripheral nervous sys- tem (PNS) that connects to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles 218. autonomic nervous system: Subdivision of the peripheral nervous 62 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions system (PNS) that controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate and digestion. It is further subdivided into the sympathetic nervous system, which arouses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which calms 65 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 233. hypothalamus: Small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression) and hormones 66 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 234. pain perception: neurotransmitter that acts in the same way as morphine by inhibiting pain perception and closing the gate 235. Wernicke's area: Temporal Lobes language comprehension in left lobe (Wernicke's area) patients with damage in this area could not understand what they read or heard, but they could speak quickly and easily. However, their speech was often unintelligible because it contained made-up words, sound substitutions, and word substitutions. This syndrome is now referred to as Wernicke's aphasia. 236. sensory adaptation: Repeated or constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain which causes decreased sensation 237. psychophysics: studies the link between physical characteristics of stimuli and our sensory experience of them 238. limbic system and components: Interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, and memory generally responsible for emotions, drives, and memory. However, the major focus of interest in the limbic system, and particularly the amygdala, has been its production and regulation of aggression and fear 67 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 239. amygdala hippocampus Hypothalamus: Limbic system structure linked to the production and regulation of emotions (e.g., aggression and fear) Part of the limbic system involved in forming and retrieving memories Small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression) and hormones 240. Absolute Threshold: minimum amount of a stimulus that an observer can reliably detect 241. Difference Threshold: minimal difference needed to notice a stimulus change; also called the just noticeable difference (JND) 242. sensory coding: converting sensory inputs into different sensations 243. parietal lobes: Two lobes at the top of the brain where bodily sensations are received and interpreted (somatosensory cortex) A band of tissue on the front of the parietal lobe, called the somatosensory cortex, receives information about touch in different body areas. Areas of the body with more somatosensory and motor cortex devoted to them (such as the hands and face) are most sensitive to touch and have the most precise 70 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions involved in interpreting, integrating, and acting on information processed by other parts of the brain 248. frontal: Two lobes at the front of the brain governing motor control (motor cortex), speech production in left lobe (Broca's area) , and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory 249. language functions (aphasia): brocas area impaired language ability 250. Broca's area: lower left frontal lobe discovered that damage to this area causes difficulty in speech, but not language comprehension. 251. temporal lobes: Two lobes on each side of the brain above the ears involved in audition (auditory cortex), language comprehension in left lobe (Wernicke's area), memory, and some emotional control 252. sensory reduction: filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before send- ing neural messages on to the cortex 253. corpus callosum: primary connection between the two cerebral hemispheres is a thick, ribbon-like band of nerve fibers under the cortex 254. the divided brain: The cerebral hemispheres are divided into eight distinct areas or lobes—four in each hemisphere. Like the lower-level brain 71 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions structures, each lobe specializes in somewhat different tasks—another example of localization of function. However, some functions overlap between lobes. 72 / Psychology 101 study guide review 2024 with complete solutions 255. synesthesia: : simultaneously perceived as if by one or more additional senses such as sight. Blending of senses. Theoretical Developmental or acquired 256. pituitary gland: 257. sensation: process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain 258. habituation: the brain's reduced responsiveness to unchanging stimuli 259. : ). In some rare cases of severe epilepsy, when other forms of treatment have failed, surgeons cut the corpus callosum to stop the spread of epileptic seizures from one hemisphere to the other. Because this operation cuts the only direct communication link between the two hemispheres, it reveals what each half of the brain can do in isolation from the other. The resulting research has profoundly improved our understanding of how the two halves of the brain function. 260. perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory infor- mation into meaningful patterns