Psychology 387 - Learning (Athabasca) - Final Study Guide 2024 Graded A, Exams of Psychology

Download Psychology 387 - Learning (Athabasca) - Final Study Guide 2024 Graded A and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Psychology 387 - Learning (Athabasca) - Final Study Guide 2024 Graded A ____ is a counterconditioning procedure in which fear stimuli are placed on a hierarchy scale from least to most fearful. The individual is then trained to relax and with the therapist they work through those fear stimuli from least to most a. systematic desensitization b. virtual reality exposure therapy c. trace therapy d. aversion therapy - answer-✔✔systematic desensitization True/False: Staats and Staats research showed that if a negative word is paired with a certain ethnicity or race, negative feelings to the ethnicity/race are not more likely. - answer-✔✔False True/False: Parish et al. changed white children's feelings towards African American people from negative to more positive. - answer-✔✔False True/False: Olsson et al. were able to shift white people's feeling about African Americans to more positive but it took many trials - answer-✔✔True _____ are activities that some people get sexual pleasure from that other members of society deem perverse or unnatural. a. aversions b. paraphilias c. reflexes PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 d. allergies - answer-✔✔paraphilias Pfister et al. trained ____ to not eat locoweed, which is very toxic. This showed a practical use of aversion therapy. a. cows b. horses c. llamas d. donkeys - answer-✔✔horses ____ was the first person to conduct experiments on the role of conditioning and marketing. a. Pfister b. Garcia c. Maletzky d. Gorn - answer-✔✔Gorn True/False: Gibson tried to see if her could sway people's preference from Coke to Pepsi by pairing one with positive images and the other with negative images. He was successful in this. - answer-✔✔False ____ can perhaps be a treatment for drug use because it can weaken the influence of conditioned stimulus (needles, places etc.) a. extinction b. overshadowing c. blocking d. latent inhibition - answer-✔✔extinction PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 a. Fred Keller b. Thorndike c. John Watson d. Clark Hull - answer-✔✔Clark Hull Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______ a. a lack of intelligence b. age, studies show that after 60 learning a new language is near impossible c. the length of time she spent speaking her native language d. the benefits she receives for not speaking English - answer-✔✔the benefits she receives for not speaking English Mary is trying to get her grandmother Peral to speak more English. She and the rest of the family refuse to response to any comment or request if they know if can be done in English. For example, if during dinner Peral says " pass the potatoes" in English, she will get the potatoes, if she says it in her native tongue she is ignored. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. adventitious reinforcement d. punishment - answer-✔✔positive reinforcement Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______. PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 a. a behaviour must have a consequence b. the consequences of the behaviour must be positive c. a behaviour must increase in strength d. the increase in strength must be the result of the behaviours consequences - answer-✔✔the consequences of the behaviour must be positive The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they ___: a. strengthen behaviour b. are positive c. feel good d. provide feedback - answer-✔✔strengthen behaviour The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is: a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 9 - answer-✔✔4 Negative reinforcement is also called: a. punishment b. aversive training c. escape-avoidance training d. reward training - answer-✔✔escape-avoidance training Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly. PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 a. preschooler b. cats c. rats d. pigeons - answer-✔✔pigeons Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______. a. Verbal Behaviour b. The Behaviour of Organisms c. Particulars of my Life d. Animal Intelligence - answer-✔✔The Behaviour of Organisms The author of the text calls Skinner the ____ a. Newton of Psychology b. Thorndike of Free Operant World c. Discoverer of Reinforcement d. Darwin of Behaviour Science - answer-✔✔Darwin of Behaviour Science A change in the form that a behaviour takes is called a change in the _____. - answer-✔✔topography If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________. - answer-✔✔sensory preconditioning VRET stands for____: - answer-✔✔virtual reality exposure therapy PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 _____ theory assumes that a behaviour becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as often as we normally would. - answer- ✔✔response-deprivation theory The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is _________. a. FR 1 b. FR 5 c. VR 1 d. VR 1" - answer-✔✔FR 1 Derenne and Baron (2002) suggest that procrastination (pausing before work) may be a function of: a. behavioural laziness b. ratio strain c. availability of other reinforcers d. subordinate run rates - answer-✔✔availability of other reinforcers In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behaviour for some period of time. a. fixed duration b. continuous reinforcement c. fixed tome d. DPH - answer-✔✔fixed duration What term refers to the point at which a behaviour stops or its rates fall of sharply? PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 a. block b. border time c. break point d. camel's back - answer-✔✔break point The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis. a. discrimination b. frustration c. sequential d. response unit - answer-✔✔frustration One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is called the: a. discrimination hypothesis b. frustration hypothesis c. sequential hypothesis d. response unit hypothesis - answer-✔✔response unit hypothesis A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by _________ . a. Darwin b. Herrnstein c. Ferster and Skinner d. Abercrombie and Fitch - answer-✔✔Ferster and Skinner PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 True/False: One every day example of a VR schedule is the lottery? - answer- ✔✔True True/False: The thinner of the two schedules VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10? - answer- ✔✔True True/False: When food is used as a reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which the animal expends more energy then it receives. - answer- ✔✔True True/False: In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to chose between two or more reinforcement schedules - answer-✔✔False Choice involves ________ schedules. - answer-✔✔concurrent If you increase the requirements for reinforcement too quickly, you are likely to see evidence of ratio____. - answer-✔✔ratio strain The first studies of punishment were probably done by: a. Thorndike b. Watson c. Rosaline Rayner d. Pavlov - answer-✔✔Thorndike Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the: a. less it suppresses behaviour b. more it suppresses behaviour PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 True/ False: Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behaviour and ignore minor behaviour, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behaviour. - answer-✔✔False The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by: a. Ivan Pavlov b. E.L. Thorndike c. John B. Watson d. Carl Warden - answer-✔✔E.L. Thorndike Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______. a. observing events and their consequences b. imitating a model c. vicariously participating in events in one's environment d. sharing the experiences of another person or animal - answer-✔✔observing events and their consequences Social observation learning may be defined as: a. imitation of a model's behaviour b. change in an observer's behaviour c. change in behaviour due to observing a model d. a variation of operant learning - answer-✔✔change in behaviour due to observing a model Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children: PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 a. ignored irrelevant acts b. imitated irrelevant acts c. performed original irrelevant acts d. failed to solve the problem - answer-✔✔imitated irrelevant acts True/False: The effects of reinforcement generalizes but the effects of extinction and punishment do not. - answer-✔✔False The CS+ of Pavlovian conditioning is analogous to the ___/___ of operant discrimination. - answer-✔✔Sd/ess-delta True/False: The length of the retention interval is unrelated to the degree of forgetting. - answer-✔✔False The _______law means that, given a choice of activities, the proportion of responses to each activity will reflect the availability of reinforcement for each. - answer-✔✔matching law The relationship between behavior and consequences is called the law of ________. - answer-✔✔effect John Nevin suggests that the increase in strength due to reinforced can be considered behavioral ________. - answer-✔✔momentum An important variable in operant learning that has been largely neglected is ___________. - answer-✔✔previous learning history PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024 There are two kinds of motivating operations. Those that increase the effectiveness of a reinforcer are called __________. - answer-✔✔establishing According to David Premack, reinforcement involves a relation between a high- ________ behavior and a low- ________ behavior. - answer-✔✔probability, probabilty The first demonstration of shaping in an animal involves teaching a pigeon to _____. - answer-✔✔bowl Gregory Wagner and Edward Morris studied ________ behavior with the help of a mechanical clown named Bobo. - answer-✔✔superstitious In some experiments, promised rewards tend to reduce creativity. This is because the rewards are not _______ on creative behavior. - answer-✔✔contingent _______ behavior does not produce the reinforcement that maintains it. - answer- ✔✔superstitious Robert Eisenberger found that reinforcing effort in the face of difficulties can establish what he calls learned _______. - answer-✔✔industriousness After a reinforcement, the rate of the reinforced behavior may fall to or near zero before increasing again. The period during which the behavior occurs infrequently is called ___________ pause. - answer-✔✔between-ratio Of the four explanations of the PRE, the one that essentially says there is no such thing is the _________ hypothesis. - answer-✔✔response unit hypothesis