RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024-20, Exams of Nursing

Download RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024-20 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024-2025 Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure? - Increased Urination - Peripheral Edema - Pulmonary Edema - Immunosuppression - ANSWER>>>>Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply) - Jugular Vein Distention - Cough with Frothy Sputum - Crackles Auscultated in Lungs - Dyspnea - ANSWER>>>>- Cough with Frothy Sputum - Crackles auscultated in lungs - Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure? - Antibiotics and Steroids - Vitamin D and Calcium - Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron - ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - ANSWER>>>>ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism? - An autoimmune disorder - A venous blood clot from lower extremity - An increase in intracranial pressure - Hypotension - ANSWER>>>>- A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except: - Venous Blood Stasis - Damage to the venous wall - Venous blood hypermobility - Increased blood coagulability - ANSWER>>>>Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris? - Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers - manifests in ECG changes only - Is not relieved by periods of rest - Not as serious as stable angina - ANSWER>>>>Not relieved by periods of rest Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension? - Bladder and Urethra - Brain and Skin - Heart and Kidneys - Stomach and Intestines - ANSWER>>>>Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following? - Dietary Modifications - Engaging in regular exercise routines - Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives - All of the above - ANSWER>>>>All of the above When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance. - Renin - Antidiuretic Hormone - Atrial Natriuretic - Erythropoietin - ANSWER>>>>Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply) - Multiple Organ Dysfunction - Acute Renal Failure - Clotting and Bleeding Disorders - Increased Cardiac Output - ANSWER>>>>- Multiple Organ Dysfunction - Acute renal failure - Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock? - Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability - Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy Histamine - ANSWER>>>>A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - ANSWER>>>>"Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - ANSWER>>>>A disease-causing agent Carcinoma - ANSWER>>>>Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - ANSWER>>>>Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - ANSWER>>>>Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - ANSWER>>>>Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - ANSWER>>>>Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - ANSWER>>>>The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin-forming cells Actinic Keratosis - ANSWER>>>>precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - ANSWER>>>>Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - ANSWER>>>>Fluid-filled blisters Osteoarthritis - ANSWER>>>>progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear What is fibromyalgia? - ANSWER>>>>Chronic disease characterized by non-restorative sleep and muscle aches and stiffness in all four quadrants of the body Cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER>>>>Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Pallor What is true of Psoriasis - ANSWER>>>>Excessive Keratinocytes, Immune dysregulation, and Inflammation are part of the process On a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following? - ANSWER>>>>Basal Cells and Mast Cells What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse with a client who has muscle tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek's sign's? - ANSWER>>>>Hypocalcemia, Low levels of calcium may affect the excitability of the nerve and muscle cells, causing cramps and abnormal muscle movements. What is the best way to prevent transmission of infections agents? - ANSWER>>>>Wash Hands Which of the following describes Homeostasis? - ANSWER>>>>A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? - ANSWER>>>>Progressive loss of muscle tissues The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes the release of many hormones. Including angiotensin 1, 2, and aldosterone. - ANSWER>>>>Vasoconstriction and Increased Blood Pressure Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? - ANSWER>>>>Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - ANSWER>>>>The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - ANSWER>>>>Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - ANSWER>>>>The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? - ANSWER>>>>First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER>>>>Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - ANSWER>>>>Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER>>>>Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness Which of the following causes edema? - ANSWER>>>>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - ANSWER>>>>Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - ANSWER>>>>Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - ANSWER>>>>Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - ANSWER>>>>Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - ANSWER>>>>Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - ANSWER>>>>Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - ANSWER>>>>Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - ANSWER>>>>Excessive uric acid metabolism which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - ANSWER>>>>Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - ANSWER>>>>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - ANSWER>>>>in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - ANSWER>>>>Alcoholism Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - ANSWER>>>>Kidney Which of the following describes hematuria? - ANSWER>>>>Blood in the Urine Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER>>>>Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - ANSWER>>>>Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - ANSWER>>>>Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - ANSWER>>>>Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - ANSWER>>>>A recurrence of symptoms periodically Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - ANSWER>>>>Endometriosis Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - ANSWER>>>>Ophthalmia Neonatorum What are the two main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease? - ANSWER>>>>Hypertension and Diabetes Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - ANSWER>>>>Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - ANSWER>>>>Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - ANSWER>>>>Hyponatremia Which of the following causes obstructions in the renal system? - ANSWER>>>>Presense of a tumor and enlarged prostate A client presents to the emergency department with lower right abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays rebound tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client is experiencing? - ANSWER>>>>Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? - ANSWER>>>>An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANSWER>>>>Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) - ANSWER>>>>Cervical Cancer Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - ANSWER>>>>Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - ANSWER>>>>Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - ANSWER>>>>4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis) - Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - ANSWER>>>>The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? - ANSWER>>>>Calcium Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - ANSWER>>>>Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - ANSWER>>>>Increased intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)? - ANSWER>>>>Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER>>>>Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production What are the main characteristics of Cushing Syndrome? - ANSWER>>>>Excessive Cortisol Production, fluid retention, and moon-face appearance Which of the following is a problem related to benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH) - ANSWER>>>>Inability to pass urine effectively Which of the following conditions would be expected with a client who has elevated thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a decrease T3/T4 level? - ANSWER>>>>Hypothyroidism Which of the following may result in a mechanical bowel obstruction? - ANSWER>>>>Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself. Which symptom would a client with chronic gastritis likely exhibit? - ANSWER>>>>Hyperchlorhydria and ulcers Dysphagia - ANSWER>>>>condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful chronic gastritis symptoms - ANSWER>>>>burning or gnawing epigastric pain, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, and hematemesis Where is the most common location of cerebral aneurysms? - ANSWER>>>>In the Circle of Willis: acts to provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas Serious complication of Epilepsy - ANSWER>>>>Status Epilepticus: A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes What is the difference between a focal seizure and generalized seizure? - ANSWER>>>>Generalized is due to whole seizure activity Identify the AS of Alzheimer Disease - ANSWER>>>>Anomia(Aphasia), Agnosia, Amnesia, Apraxia Treatment of Alzheimers are medications to maximize functioning - ANSWER>>>>True Brain tumor complications can result in death due to which - ANSWER>>>>Increased ICP Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by which? - ANSWER>>>>Demyelination of Neurons Destruction of which brain structure results in manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER>>>>Substantia Nigra: is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Parkinson's Disease manifestations are due to? - ANSWER>>>>Under production of Dopamine Myasthenia Gravis is due to which cause? - ANSWER>>>>Autoimmune IgG autoantibodies Determine the minute volume: Tidal Volume = 400ml ; Resp. Rate = 12 bpm - ANSWER>>>>4800 ml/min Lung compliance is which below - ANSWER>>>>Compliance is the 'stretch' and recovery of the lungs What is the role of the lungs in pH balance - ANSWER>>>>The lungs manage CO2 balance Nosocomial Pneumonia results in which type of pneumonia? - ANSWER>>>>Hospital acquired Pneumonia Compliance with TB medication is important due to which complication? - ANSWER>>>>Development of drug-resistant forms What are the problems when a client has a asthma attack? - ANSWER>>>>Airway swelling and Mucus What is a life threatening condition related to an asthma attack? - ANSWER>>>>Status Asthmaticus: respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack What is Cor Pulmonale? - ANSWER>>>>Pulmonary related right-sided heart failure Which condition is called 'pink puffer' - ANSWER>>>>Emphysema: lung condition that causes shortness of breath; the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged Atelectasis is referred to as which complication? - ANSWER>>>>Collapsed Alveoli Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is due to another serious condition - ANSWER>>>>TRUE What is the hallmark of ARDS? - ANSWER>>>>Refractory Hypoxemia What is the classic defining characterisitic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - ANSWER>>>>Reed- Sternberg cells Which leukemia is characterized by philadelphia chromosome? - ANSWER>>>>Chronic Myeloid Which body organ system sends a message to the bone marrow to make red blood cells? - ANSWER>>>>The kidneys Pernicious Anemia is treated with B12 Supplements - ANSWER>>>>True Aplastic Anemia is characterized by which below? - ANSWER>>>>No red blood cells, No platelets What Is the hallmark feature of hemophilia A? - ANSWER>>>>Hemarthrosis: condition of articular bleeding, that is into the joint cavity. This can occur after an injury or, more commonly, in bleeding disorders such as hemophilia. Which below is not a valve of the heart? - ANSWER>>>>Pyloric Cardiac Tamponade is life-threatening because of which below? - ANSWER>>>>Excess Pressure on the heart impeding pumping Common bacteria associated with infective endocarditis are which? - ANSWER>>>>Staphylococcus; Streptococcus Primary cause of left-sided heart failure is which? - ANSWER>>>>Left-sided Myocardial Infarction Cholesterol comes from animal fats - ANSWER>>>>TRUE Which is amodifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis? - ANSWER>>>>Exercise Levels Which term below indicates backflow of blood due to a heart valve that doesn't close properly - ANSWER>>>>Regurgitation In the presense of left-sided heart failure, congestion from backed up blood is where? - ANSWER>>>>The lungs: Accumulation of blood coming into the right side of the heart causes congestion and fluid accumulation in other parts of the body, such as the legs and the liver. Virchow's Triad is indicative of which complication - ANSWER>>>>Development of thrombi Shock is characterized by - ANSWER>>>>Inadequate Oxygen Delivery to Tissues Management of any type of shock is dependent on which? - ANSWER>>>>Treating the underlying cause Which type of shock does not respond well to the administration of fluid? - ANSWER>>>>Cardiogenic