ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE AND- CLASSIFICATION, ., Summaries of Construction

Download ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE AND- CLASSIFICATION, . and more Summaries Construction in PDF only on Docsity! Copy 3 La DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE AND- CLASSIFICATION, . i Ce :.,C DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY APRIL 1955 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY . APRIL 1955 FM 5-36 C 1 FIELD MANUAL ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE AND CLASSIFICATION FM 5-36 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CHANGES NO. 1 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., February 1956 FM 5-36, 26 April 1955, is changed as follows: 7. Route Classification e. Relation of Route Classification to Vehicle and Bridge Classification. Route classification utilizes * * * in crossing it. This effect depends upon the gross weight of the vehicle and its weight distribution to the axles or tracks, the out to out distance of tires or tracks, tire size and tire pressure. The bridge classification * * * on the route. 18. Bridge Reconnaissance a. The purpose of * * * of a route. These limit- ing features include clear roadway width, hori- zontal clearance above curbs, overhead clear'ance, length (if a bottleneck), load-carrying capacity, traffic movement possibilities, estimated amount of repair or reinforcement required, ,and posting needs. There are two * * * for tbh reconnais- sance. * * * * * * * 160. Wheeled and tracked vehicle sym- bols are placed on the signs in connection with the appropriate class numbers. Fig- ure 16® illustrates * * * for each lane (fig. 17). (2) Rectangular signs. Additional instruc- tions and * * * information are needed. Bridges with smaller widths than those shown for bridge classes in table VII will require width signs. Classes of multi- lane bridges above class 30 will be re- duced when the lane width required by table VII is not available. Their size is ** * are sufficiently clear. The rectangu- lar signs may include data in the English or metric system or both based on the decision of the local commander. Addi- tionally one of these systems may be re- placed by another system. The signs will include the following data: (a) Width limitations for abnormally nar- row bridges. The inscription on the rectangular sign consists of two hori- zontal arrows with the limiting widths given in feet or meters (fig. 17.1 (). (b) Height limitation for * * * above class 70. The inscription on the rectangular sign consists of two vertical arrows with the limiting height given in feet or meters (fig. 17.1 (). In addition a * * * reaching the bridge. 4 -/ 0 80 Da so 80 it t .I..t 1 1 Indicating the limiting wheeled vehicle class and the limiting tracked vehicle class. 2 Indicating combination of dual class and two-way bridge class signs. Figure 16. (Superseded) Typical dual class bridge signs. 5 3.5M II ft. 6 in. 3.5 M. lift. 6 in. 1 Height sign 2 Width sign Figure 17.1 (Added) Height and width signs. c. Location. Bridge signs are * * * are as follows: * * * * * * (2) Bridge information (rectangular) signs are placed immediately below the bridge classification (circular) signs (fig. 15(). However, height restriction signs are normally placed centrally on the over- head obstruction itself. * * * * * * * 30. General a. The basis of * * * crossing the bridge. The effect is the result of a combination of factors which includes the gross weight of the vehicle, the out-to-out distance of tires or tracks, tire size and pressure, the distribution of this weight, the speed at which the vehicle crosses the bridge, and the resulting impact on the bridge. The ex- cessive loads * * * must be evaluated. · * * * * * * c. Narrow vehicles having an outside to outside tire width, or track width, narrower than that of the hypothetical vehicles of the classes which would otherwise apply are given a higher vehicle classification, and vice versa for wider outside to outside tire or track widths. * * * * * * * e. (Added) Each single vehicle or combination of vehicles should have a classification for (a) empty, (b) cross country, and (c) on-highway loading. 31. Vehicles Which Are Classified a. Standard military vehicles * * * and com- bination vehicles. * * * * * * * (2) A combination vehicle is a military ve- hicle consisting of two or more single 9 vehicles, connected together, which move as one unit. Examples include prime * * * 30 yards apart. b. Classification numbers are * * * exceeding 112 tons. (1) (Superseded) Separate classification numbers are assigned to each single ve- hicle when one tows another and the dis- tance between them is greater than 30 yards. If the vehicles are closer than 30 yards and both are on one bridge span at the same time then they are classed as a combination vehicle. In this case the class of the combination is the sum of the classification numbers of the two vehicles. * * * * * * * 32. Data Required for Vehicle Classification a. The single vehicle * * vehicles are shown. (1) (Added) Vehicles are to be classified for empty, cross country, and on-highway loading when possible. (2)' (Added) Other data required for vehicle classification is as follows: (a) Total loads, axle loads, track loads, fifth wheel loads, pintle and lunette loads for empty cross country, and on- highway loading. (b) Tire size, number of tires per axle, tire 10 pressure, and maximum load on one tire. (c) Distance from nearest axle to lunette or pintle. b. The trailer dimensional * * * trailers are shown. For other data required for trailer clas- sification see a (1) above. 33. Marking of Vehicles * * * * * * * b. Marking of vehicles is accomplished by front vehicle classification signs and by side vehicle classification signs (fig. 28). These signs have a yellow background with black numerals; however, they may be made in other contrasting colors con- sistent with camouflage requirements. * * * * * * * (2) Side vehicle classification * * * them from view. A side vehicle sign is placed on the right-hand side of classified tow- ing vehicles and trailers only. Side ve- hicle signs * * * capacity exceeding 11/2 tons. c. Other uses of * * * special purpose vehicles. * * * * * . * (2) (Superseded) In the case of towed ve- hicles, where the vehicles are less than 30 yards apart and both are on one bridge 11 I Tire size J Tire pressure K Dimension from rear tire to towing pintle or lunette L Track width and track load M Pay loads: 1. Off-highway 2. On-highway N Overall height 14 2 Trailers Figure 27.. (Superseded) Dimension data required for vehicle classification-Continued. A Out-to-out tire width of trailer (inches) B In-to-in tire width of trailer (inches) C Distance from rear axle of towing vehicle to first axle of trailer (inches) D Distance from first to second axle of trailer (inches) E Distance from second to third axle of trailer (inches) F Overall width of trailer (inches) G Gross weight of trailer (tons) H Net weight (tons) I Axle loads: 1. Empty 2. Off-highway 3. On-highway J All spacing between tires K Tire sizes L Tire pressure M Trailer load distribution to tractor 15 N Pay load: 1. Off-highway 2. On-highway O Dimensions from nearest tire to lunette P Distance between front axle and first rear axle of towing vehicle Q Distance between dual axles of towing vehicle 16 |_ t tf~= At! t~~~I 0)E U ~ C 0" SW Figure 60. (Superseded) Comnon types of arch construction. Figure 67. Steel arch bridge, through type. Figure 69. Suspension bridge with steel cable, steel rein- forcing truss, steel floor beams, and external sway bracing. APPENDIX IX CLASSIFICATION TABLES FOR STANDARD PREFABRICATED RAFTS, FIXED BRIDGES, AND FLOATING BRIDGES Table XXII. (Superseded) Dual Classification Float- ing Bridge Capacities. Table XXIII. (Superseded) Dual Classification Raft Capacities. Table XXIV. (Superseded) Dual Classification of Panel Bridge, Bailey Type, M2 (150 inch roadway). Table XXVI. (Superseded) Dual Classification Capac- ities, Short Fixed Spans of Me Steel Treadway. Table XXVII. (Added) Dual Classification of M, Deck Balk Fixed Span Class. Table XXVIII. (Added) Dual Classification of Class 60 Floating Bridge, Steel Super- structure Fixed Spans. 20 I I I t 14 1 IS 1- 1>~~~~t 1- R ,> { j |C Cer 25 .e 0 e ;, F 1:~~~~~~~~~~~~ IC. ' 8 ' =)1 1 It{ s I Iffb 8 a ___ ~ ~ __ Ce Ce C 0 ° Ce a /-- | | |- ^ : | t - a 2 Ce Ce Ce . CC -| |Ce C <<>a0°8>e'-'e I- CO 3 g 0 1 es 1 c° S i° | ° | < | 4 | a ag u 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l AH "jL/N S h U r~~~~~~ES . o,, , C I'°I XI O I 0 0 04 C" *. . C --9 - A9 I I I _ _s _ _ _ .- A ~~~~ M~~~~~- E~~Ea Sb Ie< Iof v > U o Ce C Ce ' - Y,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C Ce/ CeC0 ___ - a - -ba o Ce -"D Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Cea Ce C-- Ce Ce ~-C Ce Ce 2 c Ce C C e Ce C 6 .Oe""e0 Ce ~ E C ~~~ eii e~~~~J ~ C C. Ce Ce COC Ce Ce Ce C o IN/ I I~ Ce ~ae II __ ~ Ce Ce , CC ~ ~ = Ce Ce -e 010 CeC e C Ce3 Ce Ce Ce - e C ___" __- -; o, CCCC o~~ Ce 5 to Ce~~ 0 O'0 C"'. C) ~ '0 ~ ' .e. .o ,-C -C (= Es ICt '0-CCea Ce CO6 Ce so) Izja~ a R I 0 I o - o hE ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0: 0 I ~ X: ~ ~ ~ * I1O||R*|* S -_ e- _ ~- ~~ F- 0 8 , __ - o 0 _ 0fl _ _ - ____ ____ - _ EI_ tt, Q P: R* ev v es c tF o - s 0 ' 0 0 ct c _ I t 1 <1srIE1sI E I ° X,= a X o ¢ I t I C _ 0 0o 0w e 0 0 0: 1 0 · s xa __ s O e o 0 F 1e 1- 0 0 S 0 0 I0e I 0 I o 0 x o I o I - 0o I DI a~~~~ oT 0 - U)Z I I ~_ s I0:I oI oI w z sI < I Ia IK 0 I > ~ ~ ~ $ s ^ olo1w]sol~ _I a ol_ (D s · 1 / z /I I I I I -I 1 l 1 O lI II '9 I? 1i 1 1 ' 1- I I m 1- I~ o I o: s sa = c| a eo -3 t o a ,i3 c rP W rlZa ~~~~~NN~8. a 8 B 8 - I 1-- !- 0 01w 01= 1'^ 0001'e, P~~~I R SD E o Hi~o ff jo _ F^ 1 '^00I t Ct 0 o F- r. ISI 00Is .-- e Q OI* I8 00^> ^tl'- 00 '^0 ^'0 -U z w; S S SL 5t:^A/ o s ~ ~ ~ ~ s A 3 A Al_ t 0 - - ^ - ^ _ F- - s 1_~ '^- ' 1 -- 1 100 0I ° I% /^ I ^ I aN ^| _ ~ ~ -I < A IbII II -u __ 1'^ 00 _1'^ K' 1 _ 1- 1~ 1 _ - I E0 I0 00 00 C^ lI I 1 1 1 Q~ I _ o_ I_ __ I_ _ _ _ I , I'' 0s I I- 00 1'^ 1 I o ; __ __1 CCI 0011- 01[ ° 1- _1 I' _ 1_ 1_ ,0 00l I I. I I ^ ^1 nl '- H IroI¢^-+^I~l-s-l . I I I C..d I _C A , I _ _ _ f u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 C l~~~~~ | 'i^ - | 00Nl|f 00tE 1 I 101 1 110W O $,. F-l 1 1 1 1 00=o x'bze __ | S_ I U Z 0 0 0 0 F -- 00 00 -_e -1 00 Ins I I I I? zI F~ ~~0 00 00 0 0 00 C s 00 00 0 Table XXVI. (Superseded) Dual Classification Capacities Short Fixed Spans of M2 Steel Treadway No. of Type of construction tread- Clear Normal Caution Risk ways span Widened Bridge 1 2 2 20 90 * 110 * 140 22 80 95 * 120 3 24 70 80 * 100 26 60 70 90 28 55 60 81 30 50 55 73 32 45 50 65 34 40 45 57 Plywood Treadway Lane (Spans up to 34 ft.) 16 18 24 M2 Bridge (Narrow spacing) 4 36 (35) (45) (68) 30 34 50 38 (28) (35) (60) 27 31 46 40 (25) (29) (53) 25 28 43 42 (22) (26) (47) 44 (20) (23) (42) 21 24 37 46 (19)20 (22) (37) 5 48 (18) (21) (32) 19 22 31 50 (17) (20) (29) 18 21 30 52 (17) (19) (27) 18 20 28 54 (16) (18) (25) 17 19 27 56 (15) (17) (23) 16 18 25 58 (15) (17) (22) 16 18 24 Notes. 1. * Limited by roadway width. 2. Upper figure represents wheel load class. EXAMPLE: (35) Lower figure represents tracked load class. f 30 S. 1 No truck ratings given for regular steel treadway lanes of widened bridge, since spacing is normally too wide for trucks. 4. 2 For 2-treadway span bridges without transverse stiffeners, use 0.8 of class given in table. 26 cc 0 0 0 ~~0 0 0 N C O C 0 CO 0f -~- o Z~~~~~ 04 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q07; 0, 04 >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 t ~~~~~~~333~~~~~~~~~~ m ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ n~~~C 0 2 0 0 0 C-. CO 0 CO CO 0 O C 0 048 - - '- O 04 C- 00 C- C O N O C~~ 0 * * 04~~~~~ '"0 ~~~~~~clYI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CO CCI a I;s N _ O C O Cr C ~~ Y, g ,, o $ " 0- - ) ,4 = - C 00 c~~~~~~~~~ ~~ba 0 ·- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '0 I a... COr 04 .S~ ? N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a >4.O·cN ~i 0 C ~o ~ 0 ~ ~ B 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 04 ~, NC 03 I 4 CO CO 0i NB nt CO CO 0 0 0 a0 Q 0 ; APPENDIX X GLOSSARY *X * * * * * * Gross weight of a vehicle. The weight of * * * cross-country (off-highway) operation. Highway gross weight of a vehicle is that weight of the vehicle when fully equipped and serviced for operation, including the crew and the maxi- mum pay load of cargo and personnel for on- highway operation. * * * * * * * Rated pay load of a military vehicle. The total load * * * of the crew. Highway pay load is the maximum pay load a vehicle can carry on highways, exclusive of crew. * * * * * * * Stringers. (Superseded) A system of longi- tudinal members supporting the deck. Stringer bridge. (Superseded) A bridge de- signed with a stringer system, which is a system of longitudinal beams supporting the deck. * * * * * * * [AG 253 (22 Dec 55)] By Order of Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army: MAXWELL D. TAYLOR, General, United States Army, Official: Chief of Staff. JOHN A. KLEIN, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General 30 DISTRIBUTION: Active Army: Tec Svc, DA (2) ex- Co/Btry-Cont'd. cept COFENGRS Sig (1) (10). Ft & Cp (2) TPMG (5) CGSC (5) Engr Bd (2) Armd Sch (100) Hq CONARC (10) Arty & GM Sch Army AA Comd (2) (100) OS Maj Comd (25) Engr Sch (135) OS Base Comd (2) Inf Sch (100) Log Comd (2) TC Sch (100) MDW (2) PM Sch (15) Armies (5) PMST Engr ROTC Corps (5) Units (2) Div (5) Div Engr (1) Engr Brig (3) Engr Dist (1) Engr Gp (2) Mil Dist (1) Bn (3) except Units organized un- CML (1) der following MED (1) TOE: QM (1) 7-11R, Inf Regt Sig (1) (2) Co/Btry (3) except 17-51R, Armd CML (1) Regt (2) MED (1) 19-55R, MP Bn QM (1) (1) NG: State AG (6); units-same as Active Army ex- cept allowance is one copy to each unit. USAR: None. For explanation of abbreviations used, see SR 320-50-1. 375803 31 SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose This manual provides, in a single volume, the in- formation necessary for troops of all branches to understand the technical aspects of the reconnais- sance and classification of existing routes of com- munication in order to achieve full and proper utili- zation in military operations. Methods of survey and reconnaissance for new routes are found in other manuals. 2. Scope This manual covers the collection, compilation, and dissemination of technical information concern- ing existing routes of communication, including roads, bridges, and other crossing means, which are needed to plan or execute movement of military ve- hicles. The manual discusses the information needed, the methods for obtaining it, how compiled, how it relates to the vehicle and bridge classification system, and methods of dissemination to the user. Such in- formation would include the indicating of obstruc- tions and classifications of routes on maps and the use of road signs. 3. References Pertinent manuals and other military publications are listed in appendix I. 3 SECTION II ROUTES 4. General A route is considered the road or roads, including tracks and bridges, used when moving from one place to another. It includes those roads, bridges, tunnels, fords, and ferries selected from a network in a given area for the movement of troops, equipment, and supplies from one place to another. A route may also include the use of navigable waters, rail trans- portation facilities, and airplane landing facilities. 5. Route Reconnaissance a. Route reconnaissance is a special type of engi- neer reconnaissance, although it is governed by the same fundamentals that apply to all reconnaissance. It is usually made on the ground because of the need for close physical inspections at, for example, bridge and drainage sites. Aerial reconnaissance, however, is often useful and should supplement ground recon- naissance when this is practicable. Aerial photo- graphs and ground photographs save time and in- crease the value of reconnaissance reports. b. The purpose of route reconnaissance is to gain information which will aid in the selection of a route to be used for the movement of troops, troop equip- ment, and military supplies in tactical and strategic operations. 4 c. Instructions for making a route reconnaissance should be simple, clear, and comprehensive. They should state when, where, and to whom the reports are to be submitted. They should specify the points between which the route is to extend, the area to be reconnoitered, and the items of information consid- ered particularly important. The information in- cludes the roads available; their physical character- istics; their estimated load-bearing capabilities (app. II); and the tunnels, bridges, fords, ferries, and ob- structions on the routes reconnoitered. The obstruc- tions include single lane roads; one-way bridges; bridges of limited load-carrying capacity; and over- head obstructions such as low hanging trees, low tun- nels, low bridge heights, limited stream-crossing facilities, and other passage limitations. d. General assignment limitations for making a route reconnaissance include the points between which the route is to extend and the area in which it is to be located. e. Specific assignment limitations for making a route reconnaissance include the maximum weight, maximum width, and maximum height of vehicles to be moved; the classification of the vehicles to be moved; the approximate number of each class to be moved per hour; and the approximate length of time the route is to be used. f. Information which should be obtained by a route reconnaissance includes the nature of the terrain, existing roads and their lengths, bridges and other stream-crossing means, obstructions, and bottle- necks. Obstructions are classified as natural and artificial. The natural obstructions include water- 5 SHARP CURVE[•z ffi ~~~RADIUS IN FEET OR METERS 0 STEEP GRADE (ARROWS POINT pi ig Y/1 I V~UPHILL) (GRADE IN PERCENT) CONSTRICTION (WIDTH AN FEET OR METERS) ARCH CONSTRICTION 14w/ 4H (WIDTH AND HEIGHT IN FEET OR METERS) .15B'.__ L,'l HUNDERPASS CONSTRICTION _1w 14H VA lln(WIDTH AND HEIGHT IN FEET OR METERS) BRIDGE BYPASS (EASY) BPE BRIDGE BYPASS (DIFFICULT) BPD BRIDGE BYPASS (IMPOSSIBLE) BPI LEVEL CROSSING Figure B. Symbols used to represent obstructions. (5) Underpass limitations, each with its lim- iting height and width in feet or meters. (6) Bridge bypasses, each classified as easy, difficult, or impossible. 7. Route Classification a. General. Route classification is the simple classification of a route to assist staff officers in planning a normal road movement. It includes minimum widths of roads, types of roads, load- carrying capacity of roads and bridges on the route, and the existence and effect of obstructions or other limiting factors. It is not as detailed as the classi- fication of a road (par. 14), which is used mainly for engineer purposes. Road classification includes width, length, alinement, drainage, foundation, sur- face, and details of specific obstructions, but does not include bridge classification. b. Basis of Route Classification. The basis of route classification is the road classification and the load-carrying capacity of the roads and bridges along the route. Bridge classification is discussed in paragraph 19. The route classification includes fac- tors as follows: (1) Width-expressed in feet (ft) or meters (m). (2) Type-categorized, for the purpose of route classification, as all-weather (X), limited all-weather (Y), or fair-weather (Z). These types of roads are defined in paragraph 11. This information permits the type of road to be intelligently described in making route reconnaissance reports and interpret- ing them. (3) Load-carrying capacity-determined by the classification number of the highest class vehicle that can use the route in convoy. This is normally governed by the classifica- tion of the weakest bridge on the route as 9 determined by methods outlined in appen- dix VII, VIII, and TM 5-260, and described briefly in paragraph 19 of this manual. (4) Load-bearing capacity-determined from design curves for flexible road pavements and for concrete road pavements given in appendix II. Such capacity does not neces- sarily preclude the use of vehicles of a heavier classification, as does the carrying capacity described above. It is merely an indication of the type of traffic which the road will bear in continual use. c. Route Classification Formula. The route classi- fication formula is developed from route classification symbols arranged in sequence as follows: width of road, type of road, and load-carrying capacity. (1) Examples. (a) A route having a traveled roadway of 20 feet, a limited all-weather type with a load-carrying capacity of class 50, would be expressed by the following formula: 20ftY50 (b) A route having a traveled roadway width of 10.5 meters, an all-weather type with a load-carrying capacity of class 70, would be expressed by the following formula: 10.5mX70 (2) Obstructions. Obstructions or bottlenecks occurring singly or of a temporary nature are not the limiting factor for classifying a route. They are noted in the formula and 10 circle enclosing the class number. The word FERRY is placed just below the circle. Figures to the left between vertical arrows indicate overhead clearance. Figures be- tween horizontal arrows below the word FERRY indicate width at critical point (fig. 3 (). e. Relation of Route Classification to Vehicle and Bridge Classification. Route classification utilizes the vehicle class numbers and the bridge class num- bers to determine the safe load-carrying capacity of a route and its branches. The vehicle classification system represents, by a whole number, the effect a vehicle will have on a bridge in crossing it. This effect depends upon the gross weight of the vehicle and its weight distribution to the axles or tracks. The bridge classification system represents, by a whole number, the safe load-carrying capacity of a bridge under normal crossing conditions. As men- tioned in b(3) above, the load-carrying capacity of a route is expressed by the classification number of the highest class vehicle that can use the route in convoy, taking into consideration the classification of the weakest bridge on the route. f. Responsibility for Route Classification. Route classification is the responsibility of the appropriate engineer officer. 8. Route Numbering a. One route number is used to designate each main supply route and each lateral route throughout the entire length of each. b. Main supply routes and axes are given odd numbers. 13 c. Lateral routes are given even numbers. d. Responsibility for allotting blocks of route numbers to army groups and other units operating in any theater rests with the theater commander. 9. Route Signs a. Route signs (fig. 4) indicate location, distance, direction, route numbers, and similar information to help drivers. In order to differentiate between route signs and guide signs along a road, which may be only a segment of a given route (par. 15d), the route signs are rectangular in shape and are placed with the long axis vertical. If signs are manufactured locally and availability of material is critical, alternative circular signs as illustrated in figure 4 may be used. Route signs have a white background on which the legend or symbol is superimposed in black. The legend on a route sign consists of- (1) The route number. (2) The appropriate directional disk marking. b. The direction of traffic may also be' shown on route signs. In the case of main supply routes, there are no standard terms to indicate which stream of traffic is moving to the front and which is moving to the rear. But, as shown in figure 4, indications may be used depending upon the language and the sign adopted. On route signs of lateral routes, the stand- ard letters N, E, S, W, NE, SE, NW, and SW are used to indicate the general direction of movement of each traffic stream. c. Additional route signs may be erected when moves take place within other friendly national areas. However, the erection of these additional signs must 14 ma - - 0 o 7 E RI ii, 15 15 include a description of the bridge classification system which is described in paragraph 19. f. Road signs are classified in four groups: stop, warning, regulatory, and guide (par. 15). The use of directional disks (par. 16) is supplementary to the use of other guide signs. 11. Types of Roads Road types, for the purpose of route classification, are defined below. They are classified from the standpoint of trafficability. The examples given are based on materials used and can be shifted from one category to another by the theater commander to fit local conditions. a. All-weather road (X)-any road which, with reasonable maintenance, is passable throughout the year to a volume of traffic never appreciably less than its maximum dry-weather capacity. This type of road has a waterproof surface and is only slightly affected by rain, frost, thaw, or heat. At no time is it closed to traffic by weather effects other than snow blockage. Examples of roads in this category are- (1) Concrete. (2) Bituminous surface. (3) Brick or stone pavement. b. Limited all-weather road (Y)-any road which, with reasonable maintenance, can be kept open in bad weather to a volume of traffic which is consider- ably less than its maximum dry-weather capacity. This type of road does not have a waterproof surface and is considerably affected by rain, frost, or thaw. Traffic may be completely halted for short periods of a day or so at a time. Heavy use during adverse s18 weather conditions may lead to a complete collapse of the road. Examples of this category are- (1) Crushed rock or waterbound macadam. (2) Gravel or lightly metaled surface. c. Fair-weather road (Z)-a road which quickly becomes impassable in bad weather and which cannot be kept open by normal maintenance. This type of road is so seriously affected by rain, frost, or thaw that traffic is brought to a complete halt for long periods. Examples of this category are- (1) Natural or stabilized soil. (2) Sand-clay. (3) Shell. (4) Cinders. (5) Disintegrated granite. d. The symbols X, Y, and Z are used only in the route classification formula. 12. Road Reconnaissance a. Road reconnaissance is reconnaissance made to obtain information about existing roads, primarily to permit establishment of a route. It is concerned with the conditions of existing roads for immediate use and not for maintenance operations. The infor- mation obtained is used to estimate the quantity and kind of traffic and loads that a route can accommo- date in its present condition. Road reconnaissance may also include estimates of the practicability of improvement and the engineer work involved in conditioning a route to accommodate specified traffic and loads. b. Information required for the reconnaissance report of an existing road includes the following: (1) Local name of the road. 19 (2) Local road designation and number. (3) Location of the road by map grid reference. (4) The length of the road between specified and readily identifiable points. (5) The normal width of' the road: (a) Between fences. (b) Between drainage ditches. (c) Between edges of pavement; that is, traveled way. (6) Alinement of the road. (7) Drainage, including culverts. (8) Foundation. (9) Surface. (10) Obstructions, including kinds and locations. (Obstructions include, but are not limited to, underpasses, fords, large tree limbs, craters, projecting buildings, etc.) (11) Reductions in width. (12) Excessive gradients; locations and grades of all over 6 percent. (13) Sharp curves; location and radius of all shorter than 150 feet. (14) Bridge locations. (Bridge reconnaissance is described in paragraph 18.) (15) Underpass locations together with their limiting lengths, limiting widths, and limit- ing heights. (16) Tunnel locations together with their limit- ing lengths, limiting widths, and limiting heights. (17) Ford locations. (Ford reconnaissance is described in paragraph 24.) 20 measured perpendicularly to m, making sure that C is centered on m. Example: If C is measured to be 58 feet, from formula- R=C2 /40+2.5, then R=86.6 feet Note that when m equals 5 feet and R equals 150 feet, C must equal 77.46 feet. Thus when measur- ing C any value greater than 77.46 feet will give a value of R greater than 150 feet and therefore the curve need not be reported. 13. Road Reconnaissance Report a. The Standard Road Reconnaissance Report, (DA Form 1248) (fig. 7) is used to report all road information. Short forms or work sheets for rapid field work may be designed and produced by the unit making the reconnaissance. b. Method of Use. All of the blank spaces on DA Form 1248 are to be filled in. When it is impossible to determine any item required by the report, the appropriate space should be marked NOT KNOWN. If the width of the roadway varies, paragraph 4 of the form should indicate the lower and upper limits of the width and the stretches of roadway of different widths should be indicated on the mileage chart. Similarly, if the data for items 9, 10, 11, and 12 of the form are different for various stretches of road, they should be so indicated by placing the appropri- ate road classification fraction (par. 14b) on the mileage chart opposite the stretch of road to which the classification applies. Obstructions are listed and described in section III of the form, and indi- 23 STANDARD ROAD RE NcAISSANCE REPORT I2 s Ryt./953 s-a, /I5"'fC8 4rZ L/ #8 //sLC 8 SECTIOH i CENERAI YoiD IINFO .DIA IFermD .Tlnw --a -- w~ Al.PR/, qs--F, -EAr R.. , f 6 . ......... .r . .......e... ..... /0 tJt LY ltS3laroo-h-o SETION ETIL R INF... ..a l.. I ....... .. ll ..... .DA .,R 1248 1 Front of form Figure 7. Exanple of a Standard Road Reconnaissance Report. 24 SECTION IV. MILEAGE CHART O TE _CAL T _OAN INroRaETlOI | IIRANC | ROAND IOlRo.AATION ,I0ES · _ KILO.ETI .S 670 - IM^; w st C.ALF.Eb | .;LT .f' ReNR (foa Rco iA ) ADFS a6FTI IRb V ~3.55 -° ~TNCT h R ON T 417 -, M __es - (A4cc7A o) 40. 70 Or -· o L --FA;FAK NK RaouTK /0C31 2 Back of form Figure 7-Continued. 25 Table II. Symbols for Length and Width of Road, and for Types or Road Surfaces Symbol Meaning mi Preceded by a numeral, indicates length of road in miles between two points identified by dots on the map or overlay. km Preceded by a numeral, indicates length of road in kilometers. ft Preceded by a numeral, indicates width of traveled way in feet at the narrowest point. m Preceded by a numeral, indicates width of traveled way in meters. k Concrete. b Bituminous surface treatment. The symbol "b" may be used with any of the other surface symbols to denote a waterproof bituminous skin. For example: kb-bituminous concrete. p Paving brick or stone. r Crushed rock, coral, or waterbound macadam. gl Gravel or lightly metaled surface. n Natural or stabilized soil, sand-clay, shell, cinders, disintegrated granite, or other selected material. v Various other types not itemized above (to be described in reconnaissance report). recorded on the road reconnaissance report described in paragraph 13. The position of the symbols (a above) for the elements in the road classification fraction indicates their rating. Elements which are rated good, have their symbols placed in the numera- tor. Elements which are rated fair or bad, have their symbols placed in the denominator. The numerator contains, in addition to the "good" elements, the road width and the surface type; and the denominator contains the "fair" or "bad" elements and the road length, as shown below: 28 "good" elements, road width, surface type "fair" elements or "bad" elements, road length (1) An example of a classification fraction follows: FD 20 ft rb Agc S 6.4 mi This fraction describes a stretch of road 6.4 miles long and 20 feet wide at the narrowest point in the traveled way. The road has a good foundation and drainage system, but bad alinement, with grades in excess of 6 percent and sharp curves with radii less than 150 feet. The road also has a bitu- minous macadam surface in bad condition. (2) When factors cannot be determined, their symbols are omitted. (3) Electric transmittal of the road classification fraction requires that the numerator be separated from the denominator by a slant, for example- FD 20 ft rb/Agc S 6.4 mi c. Obstructions. Obstructions which affect the traffic capacity of the road are not shown in the classification fraction, but are indicated on a map or overlay by the appropriate symbols selected from figure 2 and by placing a comprehensive description of them in section III of DA Form 1248 (fig. 7). Obstructions to be indicated in the road reconnais- sance report include the following: (1) Overhead obstructions-bridges, wires, over- hanging buildings, or similar obstructions having a vertical clearance of less than 14 feet. 29 (2) Reductions in width such as craters, narrow bridges, archways, underpasses, and build- ings projecting into the roadway. (3) Steep gradients-in excess of 6 percent. (4) Sharp curves which large combination vehi- cles may have difficulty negotiating-radius less than 150 feet. (5) Fords. d. Shoulders. Where shoulders are of appreciable width and usable in an emergency, they are covered by a separate note in the road report, giving width, type of surface (grass, gravel, etc.), and general condition. e. Responsibility .for Road Classification. Road classification is a responsibility of the engineer staff at the headquarters which arranged the required road reconnaissance. 15. Road Signs Road signs are classified according to use as stop, warning, regulatory, and guide. Their sizes, shapes, colors, and markings are summarized in table III. Some of their applications are listed in table IV. Table III. Road Signs-Shapes and Colors Color Type Shape Position Back- Legend ground syor symbol Stop -.. ....... Octagonal.- Upper and lower sides of Yellow._ Black. octagon horizontal. Warning .------ Square ..-... One diagonal vertical- Yellow.- Black. Regulatory -... Rectangular_ Long axis vertical Whit.. Black. Guide .-.. .... Rectangular Long axis horizontal White__. Black. Note. Sizes of signs must be sufficiently large to be easilyread under adverse light conditions. 30 superimposed in black. They are used to indicate speed limits, one way, parking restrictions, and other specific regulations for vehicles except bridge clas- sifications, which are discussed in paragraph 21. d. Guide Signs. Guide signs (fig. 11) are used to indicate locations, distances, directions, route num- bers, and similar information of help to drivers. In order to distinguish road guide signs from route guide signs (par. 9a), the road signs are rectangular in shape and are placed with the long axis horizontal to the ground. They have a white background on which the legend or symbol is superimposed in black. e. Exceptions. Exceptions to the signs described above include directional disks (par. 16), alternative route signs (fig. 4), and bridge markings (par. 21). f. Night Signing. Night signing is not standardized. Each army provides lighting or reflecting devices where deemed necessary. Only the most important signs, or those indicating extremely hazardous con- ditions, should be lighted. g. Road Signs in Arctic Regions. Arctic conditions require special attention to posting road signs. Permanent routes are designated by durable markers. In open country, poles about 8 feet high with direc- tion markers, snow markers, wisps of straw, brush- wood, rock cairns, or flags serve the purpose. Num- bering the markers sequentially and placing them at equal distances from each other on tangents, with closer spacing on curves, are effective safety meas- ures. Markers should be erected at least 3 feet off the traveled road to avoid damage by the traffic. If complete road marking is impossible, arrow sign posts should be erected at prominent points to indi- 332944 0--55----3 33 CURVE TO RIGHT SHARP CURVE TO RIGHT WINDING CURVES RAILROAD CROSSING T-JUNCTION PRIMARY ROAD CROSSING SECONDARY ROAD Figure 9. Warning sign examples. 34 STEEPWIDN HILL ROAD ROUGH ONELANEOAD NROAD SLIPPERYME WHENWOKN WET WORKI Figure 9-Continued. 35 cate the direction of the road or the route and the distance to the objective. Road markers used for long periods in arctic regions are checked frequently because their positions can be altered readily by an enemy. h. Responsibility for Road Signs. Design and speci- fications for materials of road signs are responsibili- ties of the Chief of Engineers. Making road signs is an engineer responsibility. Posting road signs is an engineer responsibility coordinated with the appro- priate provost marshal and the highway traffic regu- lation officer of the Transportation Corps regarding location and the number used. Operational responsi- bility for road signing is a command function. 16. Directional Disks a. Directional disks (fig. 12) are used to supplement other guide signs to indicate the direction of a route. In addition they are used as an appendage to any major unit or formation sign indicating the route to that unit. b. Details of the directional disk are as follows: (1) The disk is a circle with a minimum dia- meter of 1 foot. The normal disk consists of a fixed black arrow on a white back- ground. The disk used on detours has a fixed white arrow on a red background. (2) The disk has eight equally spaced holes around the edge of the circumference to allow it to be erected with its surface vertical and with the arrow pointing in the appro- priate direction. 38 STRAIGHT ON TOWARD THE FRONT STRAIGHT ON AWAY FROM THE LINE FRONT LINE TURN RIGHT TURN LEFT FORK RIGHT FORK LEFT SHARP TURN TOWARDS RIGHT SHARP TURN TOWARDS LEFT REAR REAR Figure 12. Directional disk markings. 39 c. Restrictions on the use of the directional disk are as follows: (1) The directional disk is restricted for use on main supply routes, lateral routes, and main axes. Battalions and lower units are not permitted to erect directional disks on their own initiative. The object of this restric- tion is to insure that minor units do not make indiscriminate use of directional disks because of the resulting confusion which might occur. (2) Units not allowed to erect directional disks can use arrow signs, providing they are of different coloring and shape from direc- tional disks. d. Application of directional disks is given in figure 12. These applications in no way supersede the use of regulatory signs listed in paragraph 15c. 40 bents, pile bents, crib piers, and solid piers. (c) Abutments. Abutments are the ground supports at each end of a bridge. They are illustrated in appendix V. Abut- ments are classified as straight, wing, U-type, and T-type. Construction of approaches to these abutments varies from simple fill method to detailed bridge type construction. (2) Tunnels. Tunnels are illustrated in ap- pendix VI. Their reconnaissance and re- lated details are discussed in paragraph 22 and appendix VI. Tunnels are classified, by types of bore, as semicircular, eliptical, horseshoe, and square with arched ceiling. (3) Causeways, snowsheds, and galleries. Cause- ways, snowsheds, and galleries are crossing means which may be less frequently en- countered in route reconnaissance than others discussed in this section. Each should be judged on its own merits, as to the necessity of making a report on recon- naissance of the structure. (4) Fords. Fords are classified by their traffica- bility for personnel, trucks, and tanks. Their reconnaissance and associated details are discussed in paragraph 24. (5) Crossings on ice. In estimating the load- carrying capacity of ice, for use as a stream crossing, both the thickness and the condi- tion of the ice must be taken into considera- 43 tion. This is discussed in further detail in paragraph 25. (6) Ferries. Ferries are classified as powered ferries, cable ferries, or current operated ferries. Their reconnaissance and asso- ciated details are discussed in paragraph 26. b. Bypass Information. For the purpose of route reconnaissance information, bypasses are divided into four categories. These categories, together with their symbols, are discussed in detail in paragraph 27. They are as follows: (1) Bypass exists. (2) Bypass readily constructed. (3) Bypass difficult. (4) Bypass impossible. c. Administrative Procedure and Traffic Control. Responsibility for the various procedures involved in the marking of bridges and other crossing means is discussed in paragraph 28. Traffic control includes the supervision of special crossings of bridges or other crossing means. Traffic control responsibility and special crossings are discussed in detail in para- graph 29. 18. Bridge Reconnaissance a. The purpose of bridge reconnaissance is to determine limiting features of a bridge used as a portion of a route. These limiting features include limiting width, overhead clearance, length (if a bottleneck), load-carrying capacity, traffic move- ment possibilities, estimated amount of repair or reinforcement required, and posting needs. There are two approaches to bridge reconnaissance, depend- 44 ing upon the amount of time and qualified personnel available for the reconnaissance. (1) Hasty reconnaissance. Hasty reconnais- sance is made to determine the immediate trafficability of the bridge. The infor- mation to be obtained from this type of reconnaissance is similar to that for delib- erate reconnaissance, except that time and other limitations preclude a complete cover- age. Therefore, hasty reconnaissance at- tempts only to gain exact information necessary to allow immediate use of the bridge with reasonable safety. A tempo- rary bridge classification may be computed from the information obtained by hasty reconnaissance by the use of appendix VIII. (2) Deliberate reconnaissance. Deliberate re- connaissance is made when time and quali- fied personnel are available to determine all of the features necessary to a thorough analysis and classification or to determine necessary repairs or demolition procedures. The information to be obtained by deliber- ate reconnaissance is detailed. It includes the approach roadway, the identification of the bridge by its name or number, class, name of the geographical feature it crosses, its location by highway number, and other distinguishing details. It includes also a description of the bridge by type, its prin- cipal dimensions, its general condition, and, where required, sufficient detailed dimen- sions to permit calculating its load-carrying 45 BRIDGE RECONNAISSANCE REPORT 0 o P 1954 S-2. IBS TM ECO | I 'r Lt. JOR 4'5LVITDW IST r EC.I rA oTE Or L*L4 SRSECTI. PoI m GE1ERAL TECO ISSA CE 4 T C AS Y I RoiD ) St. CION lOTR I EO . T ) 33 ' Lleac~ius BR^IJ 8E 81 1:62T .SE CTION o D ETAILED RECONNAISSA NCE I fj 4 M V'Y, 5ECTION A C TENERL CFCONAIDs :AUCE I ilD~S0 EM ~ ..( ......... DA30 1249 T FET 1 Front of form Figure 14. Bridge Reconnaissance Report form. 48 OCPOUTINUW ____|_ -| <4D S H fEi- +-F itl I - r- ,:, -- [ I r , ._ . . . TZ.. E 4 IIIIC*E' lI·I -HRF ctoss.teo-, o '~ i i,' I i t ±S i 2 Back of form Figure 14-Continued. 332944 0-55----4 49 (c) The cross section of the critical member shows sufficient dimensions to allow mathematical development of its strength. Detailed dimensions are furnished to meet the requirements for any given type of bridge, as indicated in table VI. (d) The site plan sketch shows location, length, and width of the bridge; the dimension and gradient of the roadway approach and departure from the struc- ture; terrain topography of sufficient detail to trace waterways; fording possi- bilities; and other pertinent details. (7) Computation of bridge class (item 2). Using the information obtained above, com- pute the bridge classification by methods described in appendixes VII, VIII, and IX, or in TM 5-260. (8) Photographs. Wherever possible, photo- graphs should be included to show side view, view from traveled way, and a view underneath the deck, where appli- cable. 19. Bridge Classification a. Bridge classification is the military method of grouping bridges by their safe load-carrying capacity under normal crossing conditions. For normal mili- tary convoy movements within the United States it is not necessary to establish bridge classes, because the approval of the appropriate state highway de- partment must be obtained prior to the movement of vehicles which exceed the legal load limit. In a 50 ,,,,,,, . I e x 2 o ,,,,,II I I _ asC Zo, -C · * ' * ' *- a ') 'I CO ao R 53 state of emergency, bridge classes are established by the engineer of the command that is to use the bridge. b. The bridge class number is a whole number ranging from 4 to 150. It is determined by an en- gineering analysis according to principles described in TM 5-260 and is placed on a standard sign used to mark a bridge. Methods of determining a tem- porary classification number are given in appendix VIII. The bridge class number may be either single or dual. (1) A single class number is the bridge class number that will permit the crossing of either wheeled or tracked vehicles whose vehicle class numbers are equal to or less than the bridge class number. (2) A dual class number is a dual number which indicates one normal class number for wheeled vehicles and another normal class number for tracked vehicles. Dual class numbers may be used only when the span length is approximately 95 feet or less, and when the bridge is capable of carrying tracked vehicles whose vehicle class num- bers are 50 or larger. Typical dual class numbers are: 70/50, 80/60, 100/60, and 50/70. The wheeled vehicle class number is always shown above the tracked vehicle class number. A bridge may be posted with a single class number even though a dual class number is authorized. c. The normal bridge class number is a whole num- ber which represents the highest class vehicle per- mitted to cross the bridge under normal crossing 54 conditions; that is, vehicles maintain a 30-yard con- voy spacing, for floating bridges speed is limited to 25 miles per hour, and sudden stopping or accelera- tion is not permitted. If the class number is not dual, the number is the maximum class for wheeled vehicles or the maximum class for tracked vehicles, whichever is the smaller. If the bridge class number is a dual class number, wheeled and tracked vehicles are considered separately and both numbers are posted. The normal class number of a multilane bridge may be a combination of class numbers indi- cating the normal class for two lane traffic and the computed class number for one-way traffic using two lanes without the restrictions imposed by controlled crossing rules (par. 29b(1)). d. A special class number is a number which repre- sents the load-carrying capacity of a bridge under special crossing conditions. Under exceptional oper- ating conditions in the field, the theater commander or local civil authorities, in areas under their control, may authorize vehicles to cross bridges when the bridge classification number is less than the vehicle classification number. Special class numbers are never posted on standard bridge marking signs, but may be posted on supplementary signs. Special class numbers may be for either controlled, caution, or risk crossings (par. 29b). (1) A controlled class number is the number ob- tained, for multilane bridges only, by mul- tiplying the normal class number (either single or dual) of the weakest lane of the multilane bridge by the factor 1.5. (2) A caution class number is the number ob- 55 require reduction of bridge class, but does require marking with telltales, as described in paragraph 21b(2) (b). (6) Bridges with spans of less than 25 feet, require special attention during classifica- tion if the computed class, due to shear, is higher than the computed class due to bending moment (TM 5-260). g. Masonry, brick, and concrete arch bridge classifications are determined in accordance with the procedures given in appendix VII and TM 5-260. h. Foreign civilian and foreign military bridges require classification in accordance with the proce- dures given in TM 5-260. 20. Responsibility for Bridge Classification a. Standard equipment bridges, intended for vehicular use, are classified by the Chief of Engineers. b. Classes of standard equipment bridges for normal, caution, and risk crossings are given in appendix IX and appropriate technical manuals. c. A bridge designed in the field is classified by the engineer unit which designed it. d. Existing domestic bridges, foreign civilian bridges, and foreign military bridges are classified by the engineer unit supporting the units using the bridges. 21. Bridge Marking a. Purpose. Bridge marking provides a con- venient means for indicating the bridge class and for giving other limiting information about the bridge to drivers and others (fig. 15). 58 FLOATING B 2 For floating bridge I I - 0 0 1 For single lane fixed bridge i 3 Indicating the limiting vehicle classes of a two lane bridge when used as a two lane bridge or as a single lane bridge Figure 15. Typical bridge class and information signs. b. Types. The two general types of bridge signs are circular signs and rectangular signs. (1) Circular signs. The bridge classification is inscribed on circular signs. Such signs are 59 placed at all bridges to indicate the bridge classification. These signs have a yellow background with a 1s-inch black border, and the bridge classification and appro- priate symbols are inscribed thereon in black. The legend should be as large as the diameter of.the sign permits. Circular bridge signs with a single class number (fig. 15 (O and O) have a minimum diameter of 16 inches, and those with dual class numbers (fig. 15 ()) have a minimum diameter of 20 inches. The bridge class number may be either a single lane, multilane, dual class or multilane dual class number or combination of numbers. Bridges which do not require a dual classification are marked with signs as shown in figure 15 O and ®. A multi- lane single class bridge sign has the normal class number for two lane traffic on the left, and has on the right the computed class number for one-way traffic centered over two lanes (fig. 15 (). A typical dual class sign is shown in figure 16 (. Figure 16 ) illustrates the combination of dual class and two-way bridge class signs. In this applica- tion the wheeled vehicle sign will be placed above or to the left of the tracked vehicle sign. A multilane bridge having lanes of different classes will be posted with a separate class sign for each lane (fig. 17). (2) Rectangular signs. Additional instructions and technical information are inscribed on rectangular signs. Such signs are placed 60 ground with a 1 h-inch black border. The appropriate inscription on the sign should be as large as the dimensions of the sign permit, but the letters of the inscription must be at least 4 inches high. Separate rectangular signs are used to give certain technical information, except where existing civilian bridge signs are sufficiently clear. The rectangular signs include the following data: (a) Width limitations for abnormally narrow bridges. The inscription on the rectan- gular sign consists of two horiozntal arrows with the limiting width given in feet. (b) Height limitation for every bridge which has overhead bracing, trolley wires, or other features which limit the vehicle clearance to less than 14 feet for bridges of class 70 and below, and 15 feet 6 inches for bridges above class 70. The inscription on the rectangular sign con- sists of two vertical arrows with the limiting height given in feet. In addi- tion, a telltale, usually a piece of timber suspended above the roadway at a height of 3 inches less than that of the bridge, is provided on the approach road, well in advance of the bridge (fig. 18). Vehicles which touch the telltale are diverted before reaching the bridge. c. Location. Bridge signs are positioned so as to facilitate maintaining an uninterrupted flow of 63 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.LLI cow-lo Eo 04D I- 0 64 ~ ~ 4 rrI S~~~~~~ 0'r : I~~~~~~~~~~m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a~~~0 z n WI- ') ~o W WF L~~~~~~~t LL C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 64~O ~ · traffic over the bridge. The locations of circular and rectangular bridge signs and appropriate warning signs are as follows: (1) Bridge classification (circular) signs (fig. 15 ()) are placed at both ends of each bridge in such a position as to be clearly visible to the drivers of all oncoming traffic. (2) Bridge information (rectangular) signs are placed immediately below the bridge classi- fication (circular) signs (fig. 15 (). (3) Bridge guide signs, such as the ones in figure 11, are placed at approaches to the bridge and at appropriate distances from the bridge, as required. d. Examples. Example of bridge marking and guide signs are given in illustrations as follows: (1) Typical bridge class and information signs are shown in figure 15. (2) Typical dual class bridge sign for the limiting wheeled vehicle class and for the limiting tracked vehicle class is shown in figure 16 0. (3) Typical dual class bridge signs indicating combination of dual class and two-way bridge class signs are shown in figure 16 ). (4) Typical use of single lane bridge class and information signs and road guide signs is illustrated in figure 18. (5) Typical use of two lane bridge class and information signs and road guide signs is illustrated in figure 19. (6) Typical bridge class and road regulatory signs for multilane bridges are illustrated in figure 17. 332944 0-55 5 65