UNIT 2 TEST | POLS 102 - Intro American Government, Quizzes of Local Government Studies

Download UNIT 2 TEST | POLS 102 - Intro American Government and more Quizzes Local Government Studies in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Public Opinion DEFINITION 1 Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population. Ways Public Opinion is shown is through writing and calling representatives, Interest group activity, protesting, and in national elections. TERM 2 Political Socialization DEFINITION 2 Political socialization is a concept concerning the -study of the developmental processes by which children and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes and behaviors- (Davidson, 2009, p. TERM 3 Representative Sample DEFINITION 3 Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of an unbiased or random subset of individual observations within a population of individuals intended to yield some knowledge about the population of concern, especially for the purposes of making predictions based on statistical inference. TERM 4 Stability of Opinion DEFINITION 4 if your opinion consistently follows a pattern. TERM 5 Intensity of Opinion DEFINITION 5 how strongly you feel about an issue. TERM 6 Halo Effect DEFINITION 6 The halo effect is a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait. Halo effects happen especially if the perceiver does not have enough information about all traits, so that he makes assumptions based on one or two prominent traitsthese one or two prominent traits "overshadow" other traits, similar to the radiation of light in optical halo effects or halos in iconography (rings of light around someone's head. TERM 7 Generational Effects DEFINITION 7 refers to the robust finding that information will be better remembered if it is generated rather than simply read.[1] For example, you are more likely to remember the word "orangutan" if you generate it from the fragment "or_ng_ta_" than if you simply see the word in its entirety. TERM 8 Socially Accepted Response DEFINITION 8 When a voter bases their decision on something that is publicly or socially acceptable to peers, parents etc. TERM 9 Gender Gap DEFINITION 9 A disproportionate difference, as in attitudes and voting preferences, between the sexes. TERM 10 Impact of Family, Schools,Religion,Race On Opinion DEFINITION 10 impact of family members and other peers etc determine your opinion either in voting or in membership of groups etc. TERM 21 Impact of Ethnicity,Religion,Race,Age, and Gender on Voting DEFINITION 21 people of higher incomes come out to vote more people of higher education levels vote more Whites vote more than african americans( except 2008) the OLDER citizens vote more than young people ( although it has increased 50% since 2008) TERM 22 Literacy Test DEFINITION 22 A literacy test, in the context of United States political history, refers to the government practice of testing the literacy of potential citizens at the federal level, and potential voters at the state level. TERM 23 Political Efficacy,Cynicism,Trust, Alienation DEFINITION 23 a citizens faith and trust in government EFFICACY: how you as an individual think you can change government or effect it. Alienation happens most in young adults and the poor. they feel as though they have no place in government issues. TERM 24 Voting Rights Act (1965) DEFINITION 24 Outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT TIME PERIOD TERM 25 15th Amendment (1870) DEFINITION 25 The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e., slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. TERM 26 19th Amendment (1920) DEFINITION 26 The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each state and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. WOMEN'S RIGHTS TO VOTE TERM 27 26th Amendment (1971) DEFINITION 27 Congress provided that the voting age in federal, state, and local elections should be eighteen years, whereas the previous voting age had commonly been twentyone under state law. AGE FOR VOTING NOW 18 TERM 28 National Voters Registration Act (Motor Voter Act 1993) DEFINITION 28 signed into effect by United States President Bill Clinton did not become mandatory until 1995. The legislation required state governments to allow for registration when a qualifying voter applied for or renewed their driver's license or applied for social services. allowed for more accessible voter registration through mail-in and individual voter registration drives. Made it more accessible for people to vote. TERM 29 V.A.P. DEFINITION 29 VOTING AGE POPULATION! TERM 30 Help America Vote Act (2003) DEFINITION 30 On Election day, if there is a problem with your ballot, you are given a provisional ballot to cast in the mean time so that if there ends up not being anything wrong with the original ballot, your vote is not disregarded. TERM 31 Universal Voter Registration DEFINITION 31 registration is the most important factor in determining whether someone will come out to vote 2008 ELECTION registering has become easier than it was in the past. TERM 32 Party Identification DEFINITION 32 Party identification is a political term to describe a voter's underlying allegiance to a political party. TERM 33 Group Voting DEFINITION 33 Group voting tickets are a way to simplify preferential voting, for example in a single transferable vote election. TERM 34 Retrospective Voting DEFINITION 34 Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion-often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. TERM 35 The Faithless Elector DEFINITION 35 24 states with no laws requiring presidential electors to vote for the candidate they had pledged to vote for. TERM 46 P.A.C. Contribution Limits DEFINITION 46 Political Action Committee Contribution limits: Candidate PAC Party PAC $ 5,000 $5,000n $15,000 * Individual/PACs at the nominating stage and general election stage TERM 47 Independent Expenditure DEFINITION 47 In elections in the United States, an independent expenditure is a political activity intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office that is not necessarily done with their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge. TERM 48 Public Financing Requirements DEFINITION 48 Nominating * Public $ to help fund campaign of presidency * Tax payer dollars given to serious candidates * Qualifying $100,000 in 20 states in contributions no bigger than $250 TERM 49 Spending Limits DEFINITION 49 *Matching* The federal government matches the first $250 of contributions, NO MORE. You can spend no more than $41 Million (adjusted every year with inflation, likely to go up) If you opt for Public Financing you can spend no more than $50,000 of your OWN $. ( also adjusted with inflation) TERM 50 Bundling DEFINITION 50 Bundling is a political science concept involving selection of candidates for public office, and is often studied in public choice theory. TERM 51 Federalists DEFINITION 51 * federalist party created by Alexander Hamilton * Rivaled with the Republican Party * The first and ONLY Federalist president was John Adams * TERM 52 Democratic-Republicans DEFINITION 52 The Democratic-Republican Party or Jeffersonian Republican Party are the names political scientists and historians, respectively, use to refer to the American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. TERM 53 Reagan Coalition DEFINITION 53 The Reagan coalition was the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major political realignment with his landslide in the 1980 United States Presidential Election. TERM 54 New Democrats DEFINITION 54 In the politics of the United States, the New Democrats are an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. TERM 55 Responsible Party Model DEFINITION 55 *parties must have a clear platform and offer distinct choices to voters *Voters must be aware of the differences between the parties and vote based on party platforms *Once elected, members of each party must actively work to enact their partys platform TERM 56 Machines DEFINITION 56 groups that control the activities of parties. TERM 57 Patronage DEFINITION 57 Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. TERM 58 Non-Partisan Elections DEFINITION 58 Partisanship is how strongly you identify with a party. Non partisan elections TERM 59 Open Primaries DEFINITION 59 An open primary is a primary election that does not require voters to be affiliated with a political party in order to vote for partisan candidates. TERM 60 Closed Primaries DEFINITION 60 primary in which only registered members of a particular party can vote. TERM 71 Lobbying DEFINITION 71 Lobbying (also Lobby) is a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by legislators and officials in the government by individuals, other legislators, constituents, or advocacy groups. TERM 72 Single Interest Groups DEFINITION 72 A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society. TERM 73 Public Interest Groups DEFINITION 73 Represent the public as a whole. TERM 74 Ideological Groups DEFINITION 74 {conservatism is the largest group} Ideologically motivated groups that seek to affect legislation and policy in a way that protects and promotes their ideals. TERM 75 Free Riders DEFINITION 75 Most international groups have smaller memberships than people who sympathize with it. Public benefit from it anyway and don't have to pay dues or do any work to get the benefits. They try to get members by offering them "select benefits" or benefits that the public will not get. TERM 76 Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007) DEFINITION 76 * Prohibits lobbyists from giving candidates gifts other than campaign contributions. * Requires any lobbying group (PAC's) bundling contributions of more than $15,000 to report it. * Prohibited any lobbyist from appearing on the floor of the house of representatives or the united states senate. *Prohibits lobbyists from using the house or senate gyms *House members can no longer fly on corporate jets, must pay charter rate ($30,000- 40,000) TERM 77 Five Most Powerful Washington Lobbies DEFINITION 77 AARP NRA TERM 78 Grass Roots Lobbying DEFINITION 78 Grassroots lobbying is when everyday citizens contact their own legislators to try to influence legislation and policy. Advocacy groups of all kinds engage in grassroots lobbying, asking their members to call and write their legislators about a piece of legislation. TERM 79 Iron Triangle DEFINITION 79 In United States politics, the iron triangle is a term used by political scientists to describe the policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy (executive) (sometimes called "government agencies"), and interest groups. TERM 80 Revolving Door DEFINITION 80 The revolving door is the movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and the industries affected by the legislation and regulation and on within lobbying companies. TERM 81 Pluralist Model DEFINITION 81 Decisions a government makes are the result of compromise among competing groups in society. TERM 82 Dispersed Inequalities DEFINITION 82 Not cumulative, groups can be well off in one resource and not another. TERM 83 Countervailing Power DEFINITION 83 `When one group becomes too powerful, other groups rise up to countervail that power. TERM 84 Power Elite Model DEFINITION 84 A power elite, in political and sociological theory, is a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, and access to decision-making of global consequence. TERM 85 C. Wright Mills DEFINITION 85 Charles Wright Mills (August 28, 1916, Waco, Texas - March 20, 1962, West Nyack, New York) was an American sociologist. Created the Power Elite Model where it described the relationships between military, political, and economic elite. Said: People occupying highest government positions are the elite class and share a common view of getting their way.