Western Civilization, Modern - Unit 2 Notes | HIST 101, Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

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History Unit 2 Notes Table of Contents 3/3/15 (Enlightenment).................................................................................................................... 1 3/5/15 (Early Revolution)................................................................................................................ 3 3/10/15 (Napoleonic Era)................................................................................................................. 5 3/12/15 (Industrial Revolution).................................................................................................... 6 3/24/15 (Capital Surplus in Britain)............................................................................................. 7 3/26/15 (Class & Culture)................................................................................................................. 8 3/31/15 (Gender Roles & Liberalism).......................................................................................... 9 4/7/15 (Creation of the Industrial Working Class)................................................................11 4/9/15 (Responses to Industrialization)...................................................................................13 4/14/15 (Nationalism).................................................................................................................... 14 4/16/15 (Formal Empires)............................................................................................................. 16 4/21/15 (Western Racism)............................................................................................................ 18 4/23/15 (World War One).............................................................................................................. 19 4/28/15 (Russian Revolution)...................................................................................................... 21 4/30/15 (New Russian Reform)................................................................................................... 22 5/5/15 (The Fascist Era)................................................................................................................. 23 .................................................................................................................................................................. 25 3/3/15 (Enlightenment)  The Encyclopedia  Adam Smith  Bardon De Montesquieu  Jean-Jacques Rousseau  Mary Wollstonecraft  Conclusion:  The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era o A series of smaller revolutions. Slippery slope. Starts with aristocracies and moves its way down to the social masses.  The French Revolution o Old Regime Problems  Debt  Strong enlightenment influence  The encyclopedia  Salon  The low enlightenment o The class based Revolts 1789  Revolt of the privileged: Nobles & estates general  Upper class attempt to avoid paying taxes  Revolt of the Bourgeois: National Assembly  Middle class revolt against privilege  The Social Revolution  Paris riots, sans-culottes, fall of Bastille  Great fear: peasants overthrow feudal o Privileges, many nobles flee = Émigrés 1st Estate Clergy 130,000 people 10% land 2nd Estate Nobility 350,000 25-30% land 3rd Estate Everyone 27 million middle class 2,300,000 20-25% 3/10/15 (Napoleonic Era)  The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815) o The consulate (1799-1804)  Napoleon Leads coup that establishes three consuls, he is one of them  By 1799 Middle class achieve most of their goals  Abolish noble privileges  Opportunities by merit not birth  Many peasants become lower-middle class land owners  But Napoleonic empire a military based state  Military meritocracy  Code napoleon spread moderated ideas of Revolution  Napoleon, The Emperor 1804-1815 o 1805-1811 Era of military success for Napoleon France at War 1804-1815 (Always with Britain) o Continental system to cut trade with British o Brithis Naval victory 1805 at Trafalgar (Lord Horatio Nelson) o 1808-1814 Spanish “Ulcer” for French  Spain was a manpower Drain  Destablization of Spain Promoted Colonial  Revolts in Latin America  1812 French Defeat in Russia  1814 Napoleon Forced to Abdicate  1815 Napoleon Returns, Defeated at Waterloo  1814 & 1815 Restoration of Monarchy  1814-1815 Congress of Vienna Tries to Erase  Revolution from France  Count Metternich o Conclusion:  Many phased Revolution, no single category 3/12/15 (Industrial Revolution)  Industrialization (Aka The Industrial Revolution) [About 1700]  Industrialization changes the material base of people’s lives o Started in Britain o People making things in the houses for extra money on the side (Limited supplemental wage-based production)  Proto-Industrialization o Rural spinners and weavers  Done at home to make extra money  Called “domestic” or “cottage” industry or “putting out system”  Workers favor system  Control rate of production/means of production  Embezzle raw materials  Merchants do not like system  Early industrialization o Invention of the Check o Occurs first in Britain around 1750’s o Infrastructure supports  Agricultural revolution created excess food  Population growth created excess people  Lower death rate on continent  Higher birth rate in England and Wales o Doubles population 1700-1801  Capital surplus  Bank of London 1694  Growth of smaller banks  Sugar money to invest  Travel and commerce  British had developed series of roads and canals to move goods on. o Navigable rivers, turnpikes, macadam  No internal trade barriers in Britain  Raw materials  British have coal and iron deposits  Large merchant fleet to move raw materials  Definition of Industrial Revolution o Shift from handicraft to industrial production: from individual production to organized production: human labor power leveraged by technology: means that the amount of labor can generate more goods. o Assembly line style. o Rise in productivity means profit increase, thus reinvesting to generate more business. 3/24/15 (Capital Surplus in Britain) Capital surplus Bank of London 1694 Growth of Smaller banks Sugar money to invest Travel and commerce British had developed series of roads and canals to move goods on Navigable rivers, turnpikes, macadam No internal trade barriers in Britain Raw Materials British have coal and iron deposits Large merchant fleet to move raw materials Several colonies that produce raw materials Government Parliament dominated by those favorable to business and trade Ideas of Adam Smith common among elite Technological Developments Textile Industry Produced cotton cloth and clothing Flying shuttle 1733 Spinning Jenny 1767 Power Loom 1787 Cotton Imports Rise 2.5 M pounds (1760) to 366 M pounds (1787) Cost of finished goods drops to 1/20th of cost Steam Engine 1760 James Watt Developed steam engine 1782 Steam Engine Adapted to power machines Iron Industry 1780’s Puddling Developed that yields high quality steel (Henry Cort) Production Grows from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million Tons by 1852 Railroad First prototype in 1804 in Wales First rail line in 1830 By 1850: 6,000 miles of track in Britain The Industrial Factory Harnessed power of machines and steam engine Required orderly production Curch bells to factory whistle, saint Monday Conclusion: Liberalism was a vision of society promoted by industrial middle class as it gave them greater political and economic power. Most successful in Britain; less so in continental Europe. Conservatism Response to developments of French Revolution Varied across Europe, based on Roots of society and its history Six elements of conservatism 1. Pessimism about human nature 2. Hostiliity towards and fear individualism 3. Hostility towards and fear of indidualism 4. Emphasis on Religion vs. Secularization 5. Distrust of the “people” 6. Limitations on Human Reason 7. Belief in Past “Golden Age” Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) “You should have slow gradual change, because society is a compact between the past, present and the future. 4/7/15 (Creation of the Industrial Working Class) Creation of the Industrial Working Class. AKA The Industrial Proletariat Home: The Slums Dreadful, unsanitary, unhealthy, accommodations. Industrial pollution: the london fog Gender Roles and the Family Great Upheaval in transition from rural peasant to urban industrial working class Men attempt to gain control of family Want bread winner definition like middle class. Demand family wage to support family and establish economic control of family. Women and children workers and the family wage. Seen as “Supplemental workers” to family. Paid one half or less wages of man. Used by factory owners to drive higher paid men out of work place. Jobs redefined as feminine or unskilled. Unemployed father had no economic power over new industrial family. Working class men used middle class arguments about women and children workers. Manhood based on physical activity usually violence Role of soccer Acceptable to beat your wife Preferred physical sports like boxing or soccer Man activity was pub drinking every day of the week. Spent 15 to 25% of earnings on alcohol. Escape from family Working class femininity Similar to that of middle class ideal Had to be done on almost no money Wives almost paid a wage by husband Women sacrificed for family, food Women pawn goods to make ends meet Conclusion Limited by economic power in society Made own codes of masculinity but working class men wanted wives to behave like middle class (submissive) Men force women and children out of workplace with family wage to reinforce patriarchy. Women kept working class going financially The Socialist Response Goal of Socialism is to achieve economic equality and justice Based on enlightenment ideas of humanism, perfectibility, and reason. Early Socialism: Babeuf and the conspiracy of equals (During the French revolution) Forms of Socialism 1. Utopian Socialism: Vision of Model Community Robert Owen (Owenism): 1772-1855 Model factory community established in Scotland Paternalistic Socialism Claude-Henri St. Simon Proposed Collective Society ran by experts Again paternalistic socialism Charles Fourier Small collective societies called phalansteries Model had 1620 people Some established in Europe and United States 2. Revolutionary Socialism: Communism Based on violent revolution to overthrow capitalism. Almost apocalyptic Karl Marx: Published with engels the communist manifesto 1848. Idea of stages in History (Structuralism) Model of eventual classless society 3. Reformist Socialism: (1850-1932) Response to failure of revolutionary socialism Promoted working peacefully within system. Use of wider voting rights for men. Promoted democratic reform Eduard Bernstein: 1899 Book: Evolutionary Socialism. Fabian Society British intellectual Socialists “Gas and water Socialism” Triumph of Militarism not Liberalism Pan-Germanic Nationalism Some Germans not in new German Empire German Nationalists want to Expand German Empire to Include Them (WWII) *Extra Credit for what was interesting. The Women in Gold, write a one-paper discount. Last day of class. 4/16/15 (Formal Empires) Formal Empires Direct Colonial Control Limited Before 1870 Guarantee Trade Monopoly Expensive to Run and Garrison French Algeria: Colonized in 1830 Became part of France in 1848 British India: Colonized in 1700’s British East India Company The Indian Mutiny, 1857 (By Hindu Soldiers) 1885 Direch British Control of Much of India Informal Control over rest New Imperialism was a program of new direct/formal Colonization by industrial European nations in response to economic problems; it was further fueled by irrational motives such as nationalism, racism, cultural supremacy, and religious bigotry. The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870+ 1750-1870 (First industrial revolution) After 1870 new nations industrialize New products (Heavy Industrialization) Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, Petroleum Leads to New Products End of Free trade in much of Europe Due to saturated Markets To Promote Home Industry In All Major Powers but Britain The Great Depression 1873-1895 Europe suffers a series of Economic Crises. Not always Europe wide but continuous Caused by overproduction and saturation of Markets “Mature Industrialization” Europeans need new markets to Expand into Prices, Interest Rates, and Profits Falling Social Problems in Europe Worker unrest: strikes Rising Power of Socialism Persistence of Poverty Results in Immigration out of Europe The Ideas of The New Imperialism Get new colonies to export goods to most of Europe Had few colonies Direct/Formal colonies instead of Informal Goal of colonies for monopoly of Trade Motivations for Europeans Economics: New Markets to export goods Explained by Lenin in Book: Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism Capitalism needs to expand to survive The More Colonies Equals More Exports Nationalism: National Prestige From Colonies Europe Dominated by Nation-States Stress Superiority of Each Nation-States Colonies as a status symbol of Power Irrational Motivation A World War: Western front: France, Trench warfare – from Alps to Sea Eastern Front: Russia defeated by Germans-Hindenburg ATTRITION Balkans: Gallipoli Middle East: British defeat Ottomans War at Sea: British Naval Victory and Blockade German use of Submarines First Industrial War: Munitions Production Mass Armies New Technologies: Battleships Tanks: Very Crude – Don’t know how to use effectively Airplanes: Limited Use Machine-Guns: Very effective Bolt action rifles: Higher rate of fire Gas Warfare: First Use The Home Front and Total War: Total civilian mobilization Citizen soldiers End of Aristocratic officers Pals Battalions (British) Industrial Mobilization Need for munitions, especially artillery Women drawn into work place and after war Get vote in most nations Civilian Targets Bombing of Civilians Propaganda For home front as well as soldiers Nationalism The Social Impact Liberalism discredited The enlightenment and reason discredited Democracy discredited Increased Gender divisions Changes in leadership Death of imperialism at home and abroad Conclusion World War I reduced the influence of liberalism and the enlightenment in Europe. Established the world wide precedent of total war Started a period of political instability that lasted till the end of cold war Solved nothing! All problems still there 4/28/15 (Russian Revolution) The Russian Revolution Weaknesses of Russia Late to industrialize (1880’s) Creation of Industrial Proletariat (3 million by 1900) 1861 Serfs Freed Failure of Reforms Early Revolutionaries 1901 Social revolution 1903 Constitutional democratic party (Cadets) 1898 Russian Social Democratic Party (Communists) 1903 Split in Mensheviks and Bolsheviks Revolution of 1905 After defeat in Russo-Japanese War Soviets Revolt in St. Petersburg Czar issues October Manifesto Promised reforms Duma formed in 1906 (Legislative body) First World War and Russian Revolution 1914-1916 War Goes Poorly for Russia 1916 Czar Disbands Duma (Czar = Absolutist Monarch) Czar Nicholas II No great leader March, 1917 Strikes and Riots, Czar Abdicates 4/30/15 (New Russian Reform) In Russia – Stalin Established totalitarian state to promote communist and nationalist agenda The Soviet Union Early Bolshevik Rule: Democratic but minority rule Lenin’s New Economic Policy (1921-1929) Sailor Mutiny in 1921: Over rationing Moderate Reform Nationalize Banking, Heavy Industry, Transportation and National Commerce Land and Small Business Stay = Private Ownership Social Reform: Attempt to Raise status of Women Legalized divorce contraception, abortion Plan to nationalize domestic tasks Plan Failed Men used divorce for sexual access to women Not enough money for social services Others want more Marxist reform Trotsky wanted rapid industrialization and form collectivization Stalin supported Lenin’s policy Lenin Died 1922, Stalin Takes over Stalin’s Five-Year Plans (1928+) By 1929 Food shortages due to Farmers withholding Grain From Market for Higher Prices (Kulaks) Stalin reversed thinking; ordered: Rapid industrialization: Output increased 400% 1928-1940 Collectivization of Farms 90% by 1938 10 million Peasants who resisted killed Key to Soviet survival in World War II Hitler used blue print of Mein Kampf Loyalty to state and Hitler (Der Fuhrer) Use of Symbols and Ritual Militarization of Society Fascist Youth Group = Hitler Youth Massive Government Deficit Spending Rebuilds military Builds German Infrastructure Expansion of Police State SS (Schutzstaffel) Under Himmler SA Purged, 100+ Killed Subordinated Roles for Women Promoted Nazi Racism Hitler defined Germans as Aryan Jews not part of Nazi Plan 1933 Anti-Jewish Laws Ban Jews from Professions 1935 Nuremberg Laws 1938 Kristallnacht Conclusion: Italian and German Fascism caused and supported by similar reasons: Anti-Communist response Class motivated response (Middle and Upper) Gave people lives’ higher meaning (to state) Men Promoted over Women Response to Economic Problems Alternate to Failed Liberal democracy Nationalist Pride (Germany also Racism) 5/7/15 (World War II and Post War) World War II New type of War Blitzkrieg – Lightning War War of Air Power Whoever controls the air, controls power Modern European Society The Social Welfare State Europe left in Shambles by World War Two 50 Million Europeans killed Millions homeless or displaced European Industrial Output 50% of 1939 Europeans Work to Rebuild Societies: Optimistic for future Made possible by American Marshall Plan $9.4 Billion in Grants to Rebuild To Prevent spread of Communist Programs Based on British Model Medical care for all (Effective program, no HMOS) Pensions for Elderly Expansion of Higher Education Improved quality of life for all Minimum wages 40 hour work week (some states have 32) government subsidy of food and rent relief for the poor