WOMEN WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE summary, Resúmenes de Literatura inglesa

¡Descarga WOMEN WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE summary y más Resúmenes en PDF de Literatura inglesa solo en Docsity! WHOMEN WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell was born in the home of her grandfather, Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell. He lived in Washington. A boy died while was cleaning Sir Isaac’s chimney in1872 later a law said that all children under the age of ten had to go to school. His father Hugh bel inherited Sir Isaac’s factories and fortune after his father’s dead. He was concerned about the well-being of the people. Her mother gave both to her brother, Maurice, but then died a few days later. Ada hated the black smoke from the factories which filled the air and hid the sun. Florence and Hugh were married. Florence introduced Gertrude to the fashions and manners of Paris Society; she thought girls should have governesses at home. The young girl was extremely bright, enjoyed studying and read all the books in the house. Governesses came to the family home to teach Gertrude. She loved exploring the grounds of the house and the surrounding countryside, taking Maurice (her brother) with her. Florence recognized that Gertrude knew more than any governesses they could hire for her; she agreed that Gertrude must be sent to a girls school in London. Gertrude want to Queen’s College in London, she enjoyed learning poetry and was an excellent student at history. Her teachers recommended she continue her studies at Oxford University. First, the male students and teachers ignored Gertrude. The head, John Burgon, gave a sermon about women saying: “Inferior to us God made you, and inferior to the end of time you will remain”. However, when Gertrude took part in college debates the male student’s quickly realized that she was clearly one of the most brilliant students at Oxford. She made friends with two other women studying at the university, Mary Talbot, and Janet Hogarth, whose older brother, David was a renowned archeologist. David Hogart later became the head of British intelligence in the Middle East and had a serious influence on Gertrude’s life. Gertrude studied hard, finishing three years of history studies in just two years. Her hard work was rewarded when she became the first woman to earn first-class honors in modern history at Oxford. Florence bell and Gertrude’s aunt should learn more about polite manners in order to succeed in life. They believed the most important thing for a young woman was to find a suitable husband and to learn how to mix in high society. Gertrude was sent to Romania to stay with her aunt and Uncle Frank and Mary Lascelles. Frank was a British diplomat and Mary invented many foreign diplomats to their home. Gertrude enjoyed dancing with uniformed officers at balls. Valentine Ignatius was a foreign correspondent for the times newspaper. After her stay in Romania, Florence and Hugh decide that Gertrude was ready to be properly introduced into London society. She was presented to Queen Victoria and then she spent three years doing everything a society lady. She visited fashionable ladies during the days, and danced with eligible young men at balls every evening. However, Gertrude had a different view of the world than most young women. Having always preferred to talk politics with men and discuss fashions or domestic matters with women. Gertrude wanted to be one of the people who travelled around the world and made a difference, not a woman in polite London society. Frank Lascelles became the British ambassador in Turkish and Gertrude immediately started to learn Persian. In Turkish a Gertrude met Henry Cadogan and fell in love. He even read Persian Poetry to her. She developed a passion for photography. Her parent refused to let her marry Cadogan. His family was not wealthy enough, and worse, he was known to have lost money gambling. A few months later Gertrude received a telegram saying that Cadogan, the love of her life, had die (he had fallen into a cold river while fishing and died of pneumonia a few weeks later. Gertrude went walking, cycling and climbing with her father into the French Alps. At that time, there we very serious women climbers and no proper mountaineering clothes for them. She had a blue climbing suit made for her. Gertrude climbed many other mountains and became quite famous mountaineer. She climbed some peaks that nobody had ever reached, and they were named after her. One of the snowstorms started and the three mountains held on to a rope hanging of a high cliff for over 50 hours. Gertrude suffered from serious frostbite on her feet and hands. But even this didn’t kill her desire for adventure. During a visit to Greece with her father, Gertrude met David Hogarst and her awakening another new passion, the archology. This new interest and meeting Hogart was to change her future. When British discovered that there maybe is oil in the Middle East, they started to become very interested on the area. The British needed to gain control on important area of the world. To this, they would need to persuade the Arab tribes living in the deserts to help the fight the Turks. David Hogart was working for British intelligence and he convinced his superiors that Gertrude Bell could be very used to the m. Gertrude entered the desert areas to study the ruins from ancient civilizations. She would be “the ideal spy”. She needed to learn like drawing precise maps and deeper knowledge of archeology to give her a legitimate reason to explore the deserts. She loved felt free, because she could go wherever she wanted whenever she felt like it, without a chaperone. Once Gertrude felt confident speaking Arabic, she started to hire guides and make small day trips from Jerusalem on horseback. In 1902 Gertrude traveled to Paris to study archeologist with Professor Salomon Reinach to leat to darw accurate maps Thorough the next 12 years, Gertrude travelled thousands of kilometers over mountains to supply vital information to the British Government The Turks accepted Gertrude as a genuine archaeologist and often supplied her with soldier fort her protection. From the se photographs, and her accurate maps the British knew that the German railways were nearly completed. Gertrude won the Sheik’s respect by her intelligence and knowledge of Arab culture and language. Gertrude recited Arabic poems by heart. Arab Sheiks and gossiped with their wives, who lived separately form the mend, in tents called harems. Their eat sheep’s eyes and goat meets. On her Return he fell deeply in love with Charles Dought –Wylie (brith Vice.consul) But he had recently married. Gertrude continued to express her love in her letters: When she returned she published several books. In 1922 Charles was sent to Turkey once more and met Gertrude again. She wanted to impress Charles trying a jour sent to Hayyil in Arabia (she wrote a book describing the experience). The brith Government wanted information on the area, They arrested Gertrud and held her as a prisoner for two weeks. Ghertrude persuade Ibrahim (he advisor of the Sheikh) to let her go. (Sheikh had killed Ibrahim ). When she returned she notice that Charles have been killed. She was sent to Baghdad later, where she satyyed writing intelligence reports for most of the watr. After the war, Britain held poer over Mesopaotamia. The British decided they wanted to pull ther 40,000 troops from the area, They had cost Beritan over 35 millon a year and it was expensive. He argued tahth independent Arab Emirates should be established thorught the Niddle eSta and Gertrude supported this Gertrude was the fisrt time in writhe a wihte paper from the conference of Winston Churchill. Gretrude proposed borderd fot the coountrhis thery were creating. Gertrude became the “uncrowned Qeeun of Iraq and she continued to wordk in archeology to distract her problems. She started become depressed and lonely , at the age of 58 she toolk a faltal dose of sleeping pills and died, She wars buried in Baghdad. Rosa Parks Rosa Parks born in Tuskegee in Alabama, most African-Americans had been slaves. And her grandparents were slaves on cotton plantations. Blacks and whites could not is the same public toilets, drink from the same schools. Some building had separate entrances for blacks and whites. Many public parks had signs no Negroes and dogs not allowed. The schools for black children had no public funding anyone wanting to vote had to pass a difficult literacy test specially designed so that black people would fail. There was also an expensive fee for voting registration that almost no black person could pay. The family was very poor and Rosa sometimes went without shoes. She was very small for her age and often suffered from tonsillitis, she missed a lot of her first years at the local school because of illness. The school was only open during the winter, as the children worked on the farms from spring to autumn. But her mother teaches him and her brother because she was teacher. Rosa read every book she could fine. Some of these books made Rosa terribly sad, as they discussed black people as if they were nothing more than animals. Also a violent white racist organizations called the Ku Klux Klan became very popular in Alabama in 1915 they burn black people’s homes and churches and murdered many young black men un lynching. Grandma Rose told Rosa to go to sleep fully dressed Avery night as they might have to get up and run away the Klan in the middle of the night, but the grandfather sat in front of the house holding a gun, saying he would prefer to die protecting his home than run away. To protest against the riots and lynching’s , 10.000 African-Americans joined a march in NYC (the silent protest). Wilson , who had supported segregation between blacks and whites, scared people by saying that the black soldiers coming back from the war would bring Bolshevism to the United States, After this the KKK violence in Pine Level, and throughout the south, became even worse. Despite the violence around her, Rosa didn’t not hate all white people because a white soldier, who had just come back from the war, smiled at Rosa and told her that she was a cute little girl. Grandma Rose’s first cousin, Ida nobles helped Rosa with the tonsillitis and they moved to Montgomery to study. Rosa started to study at the Montgomery Industrial school for Girls. The school gave Rosa a scholarship to cover part of her fees, and she cleaned two of the classrooms in order to pay for the rest. Apart from sewing, cooking and housekeeping. My of Rosa’s ancestors were white and so her hair was quite straight naturally, but many of her friends were embarrassed about having frizzy hair, the had grown up `thinking wanted to wear their hair and clothes according to white fashions. She wanted to become a teacher like her mother. She started to study at the Booker T Washington Public School, and Sylvester and Annie May joie¡+need her there. Rosa was horrified that she had no legal way to defend herself. After her grandmother died, Rosa moved back to Montgomery and attended the Alabama State Teachers College to try and get her high-school diploma. Rosa moved back to Montgomery and worked first in a textile factory and then as a housekeeper. Her dreams of becoming a teacher were dead. When Rosa was 18, a friend introduced her to Raymond Parks, a barber who was 28 years old. At, first, Rosa was not interested in Raymond. He was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. (NAACP). Rosa impressed by Raymond’s activism, finally agreed to marry him, Rosa became part of the 7% of African- Americans who had a high-school diploma. Rosa and Raymond Parks soon started to work together for the NAACP. Rosa began her own personal battle to earn herself right to vote. The first thing she had to do was pass a literacy test, which should have been easy for Rosa. She answered all the questions easily and waited for her results in the post. She was shocked to hear she had failed. Worse, she discovered to hear she had lost her job in Maxfield Airforce Base. One day Rosa decided to take the bus,. The seats in the front rows were reserved for white passengers only, while the seats at the back were for colored. , the bus driver, James Blake, insisted that Rosa move to the back of the bus. , instead of walking through the white section to get to the colored section, he made her get off the bus in the rain, and walk around to the back entrance and get on the bus again from there. When he insisted, Rosa got off the bus, and Blake drove off without her, leaving the young woman standing in the rain. Rosa took the exam , answered all the questions easily, and once more as told that she had failed. DISCRIMINATION WAS DISCRIMINATION Edgar Nixon, needed a secretary and decided that Rosa would be perfect for the job (the leader of the organization). She and Raymond became members of the voters League. When Rosa went to take the literacy test again, she took a extra pen and paper with her. She copied the entire question and her answers onto the paper so she would be able to prove that she had answered the questions correctly. Rosa started to world part-time for a white family as a housekeeper and dressmaker. In that year, a black teenager called Emmet Till was murdered for flirting with a white woman. He was 14 years old and in later years the accuser said that her accusation had been a lie and for Rosa this was the final straw has se had had enough and wasn’t prepared to suffer abuse un silence any more. Rosa boarded a bus and the bus driver was James Blake against. And he moved the colored section sign behind Rosa and demanded that four black people give up their seats, so that the white passengers could sit in their places. The story finis when two police officers boarded the bus and arrested Rosa. And she decided to do a bus boycott and she stayed up all night printing 35000 pamphlets calling for all colored people not to use the buses on Monday. The idea was gaining support. And she met Matin Luther King. Later Rosa was going to became the plaintiff (the person who brings a legal case in a court of law). The group decided that the bus boycott should continue until the bus company changed its rule and Martin Luther King was chosen as president. (King was an inspiring orator whose speeches convince people that they should continue this the boycott and that non-violent resistance as the best path to follow. Other people walked to work. The boycott continued for 381 days, until December 1956, after the Supreme Court declared that segregation on city buses was illegal. This was a tremendous victory and a huge step forward for civil rights. She became into of the civil rights Movements, but both she and Raymond suffered terribly for their activism. Rosa parks met Nelson Mandela (south African freedom fighter to the united states)a and Hillary Clinton.. She received many awards. In 2004, Rosa Parks was diagnosed with progressive dementia and she died. For millions of people around the world Rosa Parks had certainly made a difference.