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e ILLIAM SHAKESPEARE H the ambivalence of the Renaissance men society. Hamlet is a prince, a man ofacti and thought in events which hi individual and society. tality, casting doubt on all the norms of ordered Medieval on but at the same time a sceptic, a man torn between action ghlight a contrast between appearance and reality and between the any final decision. His inability to act deprives him of his ability to restore the order of justice that his uncle and his mother broke by killing Hamlet's father, and eventually causes Hamlet's final defeat. The order of justice that Hamlet fails to reconstruct is restored at the end of the play by Hamlet's male alter-ego, Fortinbras, whose first name (strong arm’) suggests that only a strong leader can use the power of action and decisiveness to defeat the bad effects of procrastination and doubts. = Q © [a (Del dl [un o, Z = Me < - mera —_-_ oc ? _r———___—_—r_m———___———__—_————É_____—__—_—_—_——————————_____É' O NON-ARROGANT LEADERS. Hamlet's inability to ‘take action’ can be read as his attempt to reject the use of arrogance and physical strength to gain authority as a leader. 1 Can you identify an example of a modern or contemporary leader who openly despised the use of arrogance or violence as instruments to gain power? 2 Can you think of a leader who used/uses ‘thoughts’ and ‘ideas’ be more powerful than ‘physical strength' for a leader? Why/Why not? > n 7 ae î dé “ INN N = BATOU From left to right, Mahatma Gandhi, Malala Yousafzai, Nelson Mandela and Rigoberta Menchu. MASTERING THE TOPIC CONCEPT MAP > pp. 134-135 Women. There are only two women with names and roles in Hamlet: his mother, Queen Gertrude, and Ophelia. There are two central Issues that concern these women: how Hamlet sees them and their role in society. Hamlet is suspicious of both and his feigned madness seems to approach real madness in his angry dealings with them. His anger with his mother IS due to the disrespectful haste with which she has remarried, while Hamlet suspects Ophelia of being part of the plot against him. 109 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Hamlet Hamlet?s melancholy (WARM UP 1 Thepicture on the right is one of the most famous representations of bogid of all times, showing the actor Laurence Olivier playing Hamlet in a 1948 film version of Shakespeare's play. 1 Whatemotions does this picture suggest? Choose among the following: a sadness e loneliness b melancholy f despair C joy SI g other(specify) 2 WhyisHamlet depicted like this? This extract is taken from Act I, Scene 2. Hamlet is extremely sad after his father”s death: his mother and | his uncle Claudius try to cheer him up by helping him ti î sg° consider death as a natural component of human life. A scene from the film Hamlet (1948), adapted CLaupIus Take thy fair hour, Laertes. Time be thine, and directed by and And thy best graces' spend it at thy will. starring Laurence Olivier. But now, my cousin? Hamlet, and my son- HAMLET [Aside.| A little more than kin, and less than kind. 5 CLAUDIUS How is it that the clouds still hang on you? HAMLET _ Not so, my lord. I am too much i’ th” sun3. | GERTRUDE Good Hamlet cast thy nighted colour off, | And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. | Do not for ever with thy vailed lids 10 Seek for thy noble father in the dust. Thou know'st ’tis common. All that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity. HAMLET Ay, madam, it is common. GeRrTRUDE ÎIfit be, 15 Whyseemsitso particular with thee? 1 bestgraces: HamLEeT Seems, madam, Nay, it is. I know not seems. doti migliori ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak*, good mother, arie Nor customary suits of solemn black, 3 i' th'sun: gioco : i gie sb h di parole tra ‘sun’ Nor windy suspiration® of forced breath, Re son 20 No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, iglio À i 6 4 inky cloak Nor the dejected havior of the visage”, mantello color Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, dell'inchiostro 1 me truly. These indeed seem, 5 windy suspiration: That can denote y i sht.pl sospiri violenti For they are actions that a man might play, : : Sent a 7 x enna 25 Butl have that within which passeth show*- espressione These but the trappings and the suits of woe. avvilita del volto CLaupius ‘Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet, 7 lhave that within i 1 our father; which passeth To give these mourning duties to y e o dearo But you must know, your father lost a father, ciò che non si a 30 That father lost, lost his, and the survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do obsequious sorrow; but to persever o SVERIIUATCRNTTNIOUE In obstinate condolement 1s a course 6 E Of impious stubbornness®, ‘tis unmanly orief, a 35 It shows a will most incorrect to heaven, A heart unfortified, a mind impatient, An understanding simple and unschool'd. For what we know must be, and is as common 3 As any the most vulgar thing to sense, 40 Why should we in our peevish opposition Take it to heart? Fie! ‘tis a fault to heaven, A fault against the dead, a fault to nature, To reason most absurd, whose common theme Is death of fathers, and who still hath cried, 45 From the first corse till he that died to-day, ‘This must be so) We pray you throw to earth This unprevailing woe?, and think of us As of a father, for let the world take note 8 impious V he SY da TROIA ou are the most immediate to our throne, testarda empietà 50 And with no less nobility of love 9 unprevailing : ; na Than that which dearest father bears his son infecondo Do I impart toward you. INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS VOCABULARY LAB i pai i La 5 Z Shakespearean and modern English: match the expressions from the text (1-6) ; with their definitions (a-f). 4 1 kin a pretend, simulate 2 nighted b_ obliged A modern-d 3 bound c_mourning production 4 corse d famil Hamlet (20 amily, relative Airected bi 5 play e deadbody(corpse) Grandage 6 condolement f dark black Jude Law i Theatre, COMPREHENSION 3 Readthetext and say if the following statements are true or false. 1 KingClaudius wants to know why Hamlet is still sad. 2 The Queen invites Hamlet to mourn his father's death. 3 The Queentells Hamlet that death is a normal thing in people's lives. 4. Hamlet says his sorrow is real and goes beyond what can be expressed or shown. 5 King Claudius says opposing death is against nature, 6 King Claudius does not want Hamlet to consider him a father, 4 Focuson Claudius' first lines. 1 Whatdoeshe call Hamlet? Ù 2 Whatis strange about this? Explain this concept in your own words. 1 95 Consider Claudius second entry. Which fi the correct option. gure of speech does it contain? Choos®. "im 3 simile b metaphor co synecdoche | Mc di To be or not to be (_WARM UP. Focus on this funny cartoon by Robert Markoff published in The New Yorker. Answer the following questions. 1 Whatcanyousee in the cartoon? 2 Canyou explain the meaning of the cartoon in your own words? 3 What does this cartoon have to do with Shakespeare's original play? 5 15 20 25 30 35 To be, or not to be, that is the question — Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows! of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing? end them. To die, to sleep — That flesh is heir to3 — ‘tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished®. To die To sleep, perchance5 to dream. Ay, there” the rub$, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil”. Must give us pause. There” the respect That makes calamity of so long lif: For who would bear the whips and scorns® of time, The oppressor* wrong?, the proud man* cont bj umely!9; The pangs of disprized love, the law” dela The insolence of office!! and the spurns That patient merit of th° unworthy takes? When he himself might his quietus make?3 With a bare bodkin?® Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that!" the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country from whose bourn!9 No traveller returns, puzzles the will!?. And makes us rather bear those ills we have Is sicklied o’er!? with the pale cast?° of thought, And enterprises of great pith*! and moment With this regard their current turn awry?? And lose the name ofaction. Soft you now23, The fair Ophelia. — Nymph, in thy orisons?4 Be all my sins remember’d. —- BRXC MONS \WIANDIC è unorensì “er £Mosò Eu o Shesi oe dpi: 5: ti 1 slingsandar ro) colpi e dardi — 2 by opposing; combattendo. 3 That flesh is hei Di cui la carne è 4 ‘tis...wished: que una fine da deside con devozione perchance: forse rub: intoppo | When...coil: Ci sî tolti di dosso i tu della vita ‘a 8 whips and scorn le sferzate e le ing 9 oppressor's wroîi torti dell'oppress 10 proud man's. contumely: gli i umilianti 11 office: potere. 12 the spurns...tak disprezzo che il paziente riceve C indegno J 13 When he...maké prendersi il perni andarsene 3 14 bare bodkin: nl pugnale È | 15 But that: Se noht) che 9 16 bourn: dalla n frontiera 17 will: volontà I 18 hue of resolutio la tinta naturale € decisione | 19 sicklied o'er: re in maniera Mat 20 cast: pallido ine 21 ofgreat pith: di portata . Gr. 22 turn awry: MUSs loro corso | 23 Soft you nowl:? ora! Ci 24 orisons: preghie? Na ui WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Hamlet Edwin Austin Abbey, The Play Scene in Hamlet Act III Scene Il (1897), Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS Z Match the words from the text (1-8) with their definitions (a-h). \ . vw 1 conscience a personwho has no courage C2 hesitation b the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is | norally right or wrong | e 3 pang C. pausing before you act or speak because you are not sure | 6 4 insolence d behaviour which is rude or does not show respect | 9 Outrageous e a feelingof great anger or shock | f 6 patience f afeelingofpainorof sadness | \n 7. resolution g theability to wait calmly or to accept difficulties à 8& coward h strong belief, determination COMPREHENSION 3 Readthetextand answer the following questions. 1 HowdoesHamlet define life in line 4? Is he happy about his life? 2 Whydoeshe think death is preferable to life in lines 6-8? 3 Dohumanbeings know what comes after life? 4 Whatisthe consequence of this condition? (focus on lines 13-14) 5 Whatinterrupts Hamlet's soliloquy? ANALYSIS 4 Whois Hamlet debating with? Choose among the following: a himself b the audience c othercharacters on stage 5 HowisHamlet's soliloquy organised? Choose among the following: a Asaseriesofstatements. b Asaseriesof questions. c Asaseriesof questions and answers leading to a final conclusion. 0 Findametaphor for life, its calamities and the afterlife: e Humanlife (line 12): 115 
