L'evoluzione delle piante: dai briofiti alle piante vascolari, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Botanica Generale

Scarica L'evoluzione delle piante: dai briofiti alle piante vascolari e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Botanica Generale solo su Docsity!

RCHEOPLASTIDA"

EQUISETOPSIDA

CUBMOSSES

Domande

· cieli vitoli

gymnosperms and angiosperms /disegnare · seed plants and^ mon^ seedplants ·

ecology

. Embriophyta nonroscular planatophyta Equisun

Introduction to (^) plant systematics , evolution and ecology Chloroplastidor

for

viridiplantae coracteristies :^ -Chloroplast are (^) greenish

Chlorophylla A^ and^ B

• no

phieobilsomes

• starch (^) in

plastids

• perenoid /hon rubisco which

transform 202 in^ Carlo

hydrates

• 2

flagella or^ mora

Stigma and (^) cell membrane Chloro plastido I ↑ Chlorophyta streptophyta

prosimophytes

Chlorophyte S

• (^) ↓ they live in they live^ in worme environment^ freshwater si or fresh water terrestrial envir ment (^).

Prasimophytes

• Prosinophycrol - morine^ picoplankton

scales in the^ body

Pyramimonas : is a (^) species unicellular withwany flagella ,toeca^ (a

• ehlorophytes -Chlorodendrophyerse

Urophyecoe : >^ Uroles

ehladophozoles CORTEXI MEDUCLA ~Bryopeidales^ cortex- Posyeladoles ~ Trentepoliales

Treboxiophyease -Chlorophyesse

Terrestrialization to land

It (^) is (^) a process which (^) leads to (^) the (^) adaptation to (^) life on land, but (^) plants have to

overcome challenges like^ :

• dessications : formation (^) of structures^ such^ us entele^ and^ stomato

support , (^) execution (^) of supporting tissues like (^) lignin and^ cellulose

reproduction: formation^ of^ spares and^ seeds

• nutrient (^) uptake roots (^) and voscular (^) system The most (^) important (^) adaptations are :
• entele which (^) is a layer which^ prevent water^ loss
• stamata (^) which (^) are pores for^ gos exchange -sporopollenin which^ is^ a^ polymer (^) insposes and^ pollen protecting against^ desition The (^) early land^ plants are (^) Bryphytes

Origin of^ plant Embryophyta -^ Bryophyta-higher^ plants^

• they^

include · Bryophytes /nonaselo vascular (^) plants They are^ called^ embryophyta because^ of^ the^ formation^ of^ embryo

They ~ have^ multicellor^ opmetongia itmeans^ that^ the^ structure^ in

which suetes are^ produced consist (^) of multiple cells)^ with^ sterile outer (^) layers. Anthoecrophyta

are called^ hornworts

the (^) dominant (^) life (^) stage is the (^) gametophyte which is (^) typically flof and (^) theyhave:

• otheridia - (^) produces motile

sperms

archegonias produce^ a^ single^ egg

Sperm cells^ swim^ and^ fertilize the egg in^ the^ areheogonium.^ The zygote remains^ within^ the^ orcleogo

nium and (^) begins the^ development of the (^) sporophyte. K the (^) sporophyte grows directly^ from^ the^ gametophyte and^ it^ is^ clongated^ and^ cylindried^ ,^ similar^ to^ horn Hornworts (^) possess Stomata (^) /pares (^) for (^) gas exchange on their (^) sporophytes and^ they just remain open for (^) long time. Merchantophyta are called^ liveworts^ because^ of the^ shape (^) of their^ leaves^ which^ look^ like^ liver There (^) are two (^) types :

polm tree^ which^ are^ famole^ quetophyte^ they are^ not 2

-^ sporophytes

Umbrella which^ are^ mole^ gametophyte

Antheristia :^ mole structures that produce motile sperm

Archeogonia : female tructures^ that^ produce^ lo^ Different (^) species of liveworts:

• leafy (^) species which car have leaves in two (^) layers

• thollose (^) species.

Sperm swim^ to^ fertilize^ eg and^ then^ fertilized (^) eg start^ developing into^ the porophyte which^ consists^ of^ a^ foot^ lanchoring structural^ ,^ seta^ /stalk)^ and /spozangium) where^ are.

glouesphyta

Archeoplastida Rhodophyta

Chlorophyta Chloroplastide

streptophyta

Zygnematophyee zx"Chorophyeca I ~ Coleochoetophyc Embryophyta

Bryophytes fr

L (^) Hornworts LLiverports

LMousses

TracheophytaPascular a seedless (^) plants Momilophyta Equisetopsida

I

↓yeophytes

elubmosses Lyeopodium Selaginella seedplantsasperur

• angyosperm

Tracheophyta vascular (^) plants Characteristics :

• voscular tissue - > (^) xylem which conducts water and mineral
  • from^ the^ roots^ to^ the

rest of the^ plant

phloem which^ transports^ photosynthetic^ products (sugar) from

the leaves to the other (^) ports of the (^) plant.

complex structures^ :^ roots^ :^ anchor^ the^ plant and^ absor^ water^ and^ minerals^ from the^ soil stems :^ support the^ plant leaves : sites (^) of photosynthesis. enticle :^ Lotty needs^ layer which^ prevents desireation etomato (^) : regulate s exchange^ and^ minimize^ water^ loss Adaption to^ life on^ land^ :^ · reproduction become^ more^ independent on^ water availability · Sowetophytes are^ reduced^ and^ they developed within^ space wolls

• megagametophyte because (^) retained inside

parental sporophyte

• microgametophyte pollen (^) grain) inside (^) microspore woll

· pollen is^ transferred by wind^ towegaspozangium Pollination · production (^) of seeds.

Equisetopsida horsetails) · is the

only extant^ genus

· they live^ in^ humid^ habitats · they include^15 species^ with^ branched/unbranched^ stems. and stems (^) are the^ main (^) photosynthetic (^) organ

· Stem are divided into modes and internodes

· Articulations at (^) modes are formed (^) by leaves^ fused , (^) only tips are^ separated , · Leaves are brown, reduced and^ non-photosinetic · Lateral branches (^) originate between leaves boses Equisetum homosporous :^ one^ type^ of^ spares Li^ trovamol Sporangia confined^ to^ terminal^ strobiles^ and^ they borne^ on^ flattened branches^ called sporangiophores Strobili (^) elongate and (^) separate (^) sparagin at the time (^) of spare release (^) , (^) spores have (^) extra hygroscopic layer^ that^ opens to^ form^4 ribbons^ which^ promote that^ the^ majority of spores germinate^ in^ close^ proximity spore (^) d Sporangiophores a Equisetum (^) gauetophytes

is formed by :^ los zone which is records otheredia termine

branched (^) zone with (^) green lobes (^) orchegonia /basically

phyta elubmosses , are^ superficially similar^ to^ mosses^ and^ common^ in^ humid^ and^ tropical oreas.

• Lycopodium

Selaginella

Lyeopodium life eyele^ : homosporous /produce^ one^ type^ of^ space

· (^) sporophyte is^ diploid (n)^ and^ consists^ of a stem, roots^ and microphylls (small^ leaves)^ ,^ at^ the^ tips^ of^ theetem^ Lycopodium develops strobili Space mother^ cells^ undergo · (^) which contain (^) a

sporangium that^ produces^ spores^ (n)^.^ Melosis^ to^ produce^ spores

Spares are^ dispersed^ by wind^ ,^ they^ germinate^ to^ form^ a^ gametophyte. Gametophyte is^ bisexual^ and^ produces both^ ontheridia^ and^ archegonia

which produce opens and eg

.

Sperm cells^ swim^

to egg to^ fertilize^ it^ resulting^ in^ a^ diploid^ zygote. Selaginella life^ eyele -^ heterosporous^ /produce^ two^ distinct^ types^ of^ spores : -microspores (wole

• macrospores femole)

(^) Sporophyte is (^) diploid (aw)^ and consists (^) of a stem (^) , roots and (^) microphylls at the (^) tip of the stem (^) Selaginella develops strdilus (^) containing verospozangi & and (^) Macrosporanoia which produce micro^ and^ macrospor mother^ cell.^ which^ undergo

G

to (^) meiosis

• to to

produce produce

microspores wegaspores

↓ ↓ develop into^ mole^ develop into^ female Greetophytes (^) gametophytes

which produces

antheridia which (^) produces ↓ archegonia ↓ produces (^) sperm cells produces egg cells ↓ Spern cells swim to (^) egg cell to fertilize it forming a^ diploid zypote

Geadopsida

is the second (^) group of (^) Gymnosperm they are^ in^ danger^ because^ their habitats (^) are in (^) danger They have^ rigid stem^ and^ short^ or elongated stem^ is^ usually^ unbranched^ with^ appeal Rosette (^) of (^) bog leaves. They have^ big taprots^ and^ slow^ growth^ due^ to dry habitat. Mole and (^) female strabili^ /cames) (^) are on (^) different individuals ↓ percale^ comes^ and^ ovule produces

(^) are enormous presen up to^45 kg Gretopsida-vessels in^ xylem includes : · gnetur--creeping plant

• The (^) best known species

is a small

tree

• both insects and wind pollimation
• mole and

ferale reproductive

structures (^) are on distinct^ strabili

mole strobiles^ female stroalus

main (^) ox's withcluster ovule (^) is sozzounded of breaets^ by (^3) teguments (^2) microsporangian ↓ sparcamgiophoze sheath · Welwitschia (^) : - plant of^ the^ desert

• short stem and major ster (^) im

• underground big taproot

Obelt (^) shaped leaves

dideus

· Ephedra +- reduced^ , brown^ ,^ mon^ photosyntetic

leaves

• mono and (^) discus

Gynkopsida

In the^ post there were

a lot^ of (^) species , but Now there^ is (^) just 1 -^ JINKO (^) BOBA ↓

• short and (^) long steam
  • (^) discus : (^) mole and (^) female individuals are (^) separated ovules are pairwose the on tip and (^) they are (^) green because contain^ ehl.

• fewole pretophyte , (^) they are^ famed by malles^ and^ integuments theyore inclosed^ in^ sporophytic^ tissue