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Linking computers

Network topologies

In networking, topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of

devices in a network. It describes the way in which devices, such as

computers, servers, routers, switches, and other network components, are

connected to each other and how they communicate and exchange data.

Physical topologies →

logical topologies →

Group work example: Star topology (Lamanotti,

Bignociari, Fornanuzzi)

Star Topology is a network setup in which each device is

connected to a central node called a hub. The hub manages the

data flow between the devices. If one device wants to send data

to another device, it has to first send the information to the hub,

and then the hub transmits that data to the required device.

A star may be a Local Area Network (LAN) topology where all

nodes are individually connected to a central connection point

(hub). The number of links required to connect nodes in the star

topology is N where N is the number of nodes. The hub or switch

manages and controls all functions of the network.

Star topology

Key Characteristics and Features:

● Structure : Nodes radiate from a central node, resembling a star shape. ● Central Node : A switch, router, or hub manages all data transmissions. ● Cabling : Uses dedicated, point-to-point connections. ● Performance : Generally high, with low data collisions.

What are the best practices of Star Topology?

● Home Networks: Star Topology is used in a home network where all devices connects to a connected to a central router that manages the Internet. ● ATM Networks: In banks, ATMs are also connected in as a star network, as it helps in managing data efficiently. ● Hospital Networks: Hospital devices, medicinal equipment are connected in the star topology. It helps in easily accessing data records.

Group work example: Line topology (Barbacini - Granelli - Izem)

What is it (Granelli)

In the line topologies , also known as point-to-point topologies , devices are connected linearly , with each device arranged between two other devices, except for the outer ones which only have 1 connection. This results in a chain of devices , where each device can communicate with its direct neighbors. Data is transmitted from one device to the next until it reaches its original destination.

Examples (Barbacini)

Office/Lab: it’s used for connect computer, printers and scanners.

Industrial Automation: it’s used for link sensor, PLC (programming language used for control industrial equipment) modulus and

components in production lines.

Pros/Cons

The line topology is really easy to set up and has a low cost because it doesn’t need any routers, switches etc. It works really

well with small networks. In this topology if a device breaks down the entire network can fail and finding the point where it

failed can be very time-consuming , other than that, only one transmission at a time can happen and lastly modifying the

structure can damage the network.

• All devices are connected to a single main cable (the bus).
• Data travels in both directions along the cable.
• Easy and inexpensive to install for small networks.
• Failure of the main cable brings down the entire network.

Group work example: Bus topology(Turbo, Coppez, Bershka, Zara, H&M, Pull&Bear, JD, Mediaworld, Juice

WRLD, Young Thug, 21 Savage, Future, Post Malone, DAZN, Sam il pompiere, King Von,

Fabriziofficial, Giulio, Diego costa, Fabrizio Corona,DIffie Hellman, Sergio Busquets, Mr incredible, Luca

Abete, Lanterna verde, ICP, DHCP, Disaronno, Antonio Vergara, lego ninjago, Ōsensei Morihei

Ueshiba,lucappocchia, Manfredi , Aura, Mr Mandeka, Luka Modric)

Group work example: Ring topology

By: Tommaso Predieri, Mattia Pio Rizzo,

Pietro Zaccarini

A ring topology is a network layout

where every node is connected exactly

to two other nodes, forming a single

pathway that looks like a ring.

They can be either unidirectional,

meaning all traffic flows in the same

direction, or bidirectional, allowing

packet to travel both ways.

Ring topology: pros and cons

Pros:

● Faster than other topologies such as bus ● Adding or removing nodes is easy ● It doesn’t need a central management node ● Collisions are very rare ● It’s easy to setup routing protocols

Cons:

● If a node fails, the entire network could go down (unidirectional only) ● Communication is slower to farther nodes ● It’s harder to configure compared to a star topology ● It’s less safe because the packets need to go through many devices to reach their destination

By: Tommaso Predieri, Mattia Pio Rizzo,

Pietro Zaccarini

Hybrid PROS & CONS

PROS: ● Scalability & Flexibility: Easily accommodates new nodes and allows different departments to use different layouts (e.g., Star for users, Bus for backbone).

● Reliability & Fault Isolation: If one segment fails, it does not impact the rest of the network.

● Increased Performance: Designed to handle high traffic volumes efficiently by connecting smaller, specialized networks.

● Customization: Can be designed to meet the specific, unique needs of a large organization.

CONS:

● High Cost: Requires expensive, specialized hardware (intelligent hubs/routers) to connect different topologies

● Complex Design & Maintenance: The architecture is intricate, making installation, configuration, and troubleshooting difficult.

● Extensive Cabling: Large-scale implementations often require massive amounts of cabling.

● Dependency on Backbone: If the main backbone cable fails, the entire network's performance is affected.

Group work example: Tree (hierarchical) topology

The tree topology is a network shaped like a pyramid. It's composed by a central root node which connects to lower-level "child" nodes. it’s an hybrid of star and bus network,is composed by star networks interconnected by bus networks. In this topology if a device is out of order,it doesn’t affect other devices. But if one of the hubs goes down all the network also does

Pros: Scalability, Hierarchical Management, Fault Isolation, Centralized Control, Support Large Networks

Cons: High Cost, Complexity, Single Point of Failure, Performance Bottlenecks, Maintenance Difficulty

This topology is a standard choice for large corporations, university campuses, and wide-scale distribution systems.

SOZZI FrAtTaRuOlO DJEBALI

The formula for calculating the number of needed connections for n nodes is:

Full-Mesh topology is mostly used in WAN connections like:

● Backbone Networks : used by providers and the Internet backbone ● Military Systems : ensures a continuous communication if one or more nodes are destroyed ● Data Centers : allows ultra-low latency for high-performance servers