Regole di struttura fraseale: Noun Phrase e Prepositional Phrase, Appunti di Linguistica

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Today

 Phrase structure rules, trees

 Constituents

 Recursion

 Conjunction

Readings: 6.4 – 6.

Phrase structure (review)

1) Every word belongs to a lexical category

2) Lexical categories forms heads of

phrases

3) How phrases are formed is governed by

rules (= ‘ phrase structure rules ’)

Phrase structure rules

 General schema:

X  Y Z

“X consists of Y followed by Z”

Phrase structure rules

Noun phrase (NP)  John  the boy  a little boy  a boy in a bubble

Phrase structure rule for NPs:

NP  (Det) (Adj) N (PP)

N

Det N Det Adj N Det N PP (where ‘()’ indicates optionality)

Prepositional phrase (PP)

 in  from a boy in a bubble Phrase structure rule for PPs: PP  P (NP)

P

P NP

PP PP P P NP in from Det N PP a boy P NP in Det N a bubble

Phrase structure trees

NP Det N PP the cat P NP on Det N PP the mat P NP in Det N PP the house P NP on Det N the street the cat on the mat in the house on the street

Verb phrase (VP)

 sang  ate the cake  ate the cake hungrily  sang a song in the shower  fell into the pond slowly

Phrase structure rule for VPs:

VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv)

V

V NP

V NP Adv V NP PP V PP Adv

Structural ambiguity

discuss [sex with Dr. Ruth] [discuss sex] with Dr. Ruth

Structural ambiguity

discuss [sex with Dr. Ruth] [discuss sex] with Dr. Ruth VP VP V NP V NP PP discuss N PP discuss sex P NP sex P NP with Dr. Ruth with Dr. Ruth

S

NP VP

Det N V NP The dog ate Det N the bone S  NP VP

S

NP Aux VP Det N will V NP The dog eat Det N the bone S  NP Aux VP

Conjoined phrases

NP

NP Conj NP Det N Det N the cat (^) and the dog NP  NP Conj NP NP  Det N

Conjoined sentences

I bought a book, but I returned it. S S  S conj S S conj S S  NP VP NP VP but NP VP I V NP I V NP bought a book returned it