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levels
Pre Post
Rank Scale Constituents
Clauses = may combine to form clause complexes
Groups and Phrases = there are different kinds of groups, determined by the core constituent
the same structural unit can play more functions on different levels = Conflation
Words
Morphemes = smallest units that still give meaning
**- Free morphemes = have meaning on their own
- Bound morphemes = suffixes**
there can be conflation between the two
NOUN GROUPS
(NG)
has a noun called Head = most important constituent, also called Thing
elements before the head are Pre-modifiers elements after the head are Post-modifiers
**- Deictics = used to indicated (the, my, a)
- Numeratives = numbers
- Epithets = quality, accept degrees of comparison and intensity (try adding "the most" in front)
- Classifiers = subclasses, nouns
- Qualifiers = embedded prepositional phrase or embedded clause providing info about the Thing. They cannot be moved without affecting the meaning of the sentence**
= Functional Grammar
context
texts
three variables
Linguistics
scientific study of language, with different branches and applications
**- focus on contextual meaning = language in use
- functional and descriptive
- not language rules
- oriented towards semantics
- it concerns meanings
- it analyses texts
- the language concern is semantics
- language is seen as a resource for meaning making
- are broken down into CLAUSES for the analysis
- can be written or spoken
- long or short
- definition: instance of language having meaning in its context
- helps understanding how a language functions
- appliable approach, for instance it's used in discourse analysis, translation studies etc.**
of culture
of situation
meanings / wordings / sounds & symbols
Field = what is going on? Depends on the social activity and the subject matter. Implies choosing different words based on the situation
Tenor = who is taking part? Depends on social roles and discourse roles (speaker and listener)
Mode = what is the role of language? Depends on the channel (air, technology...), the medium and the type of speech (monologue, dialogue...)
focusing on
through the system of and
what is it? in declarative Clauses what is it? identifying it
forming
in non-declarative Clauses
forming
in non-declarative Clauses
forming
together form a united whole
Mode
the clause as message = TEXTUAL METAFUNCTION
Structural cohesion Non structural cohesion
Theme Rheme
Intersentential Ellipsis Substitution Reference Conjunction
Lexical Relations
concern of the message, its starting point
what is said about the Theme
- always at the beginning
- has function in Transitivity (either Participant, Process, Circumstance)
what's left after the identi fi cation of the Theme
Topical Theme
Unmarked Marked
con fl ates with the Subject
doesn't correspond to the Subject, can con fl ate with the Complement
- Wh interrogative = wh- element
- Exclamatives = wh- element + group that follows
- Positive Imperatives = Process
Topical Theme
Polar Interrogatives (yes/no) = fi nite + the following Participant
Full Theme
Clause starts with an element of the Mood system (so it can't be considered Topical Theme) followed by an element of the Transitivity system (which is the TT proper)
Grammatical
- gives sense of continuity
- explicits relationships between clauses
Endophoric
- points inwards (to the text)
- typically pronouns and demonstratives
Exophoric
- points outwards (to the context)
Anaphoric points to the preceding text
Cataphoric points to the following text
Homophoric points to one reference in the shared Context of Culture
Deixis points to the Context of Situation (this, that, those, you, I etc.)
omitting information 'Do you have any tissues?' 'No, I don't have any'
substituting information 'I don't think so'
between sentences separated by a full stop
Repetition repeating the same words
Lexical scatter repeating the same root but different words (survive and survival)
Synonymy/Antonymy similar or opposite meaning
Hyponymy words that are part of the same class (salmon, tuna = fi sh)
Meronymy parts of the same whole (leaf, trunk = tree)
Collocation words that are conventionally together (pinch of salt)
focuses on
through the system ofand of
structure
use
structure
use
structure
use
structure
use
Mood of the clause
Tenor
viewing the clause as exchange = INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTION
language as a mean to maintain interpersonal relations
Mood Modality and Appraisal
Mood block Residue (what's left after identifying Mood Block)
Modal Adjuncts Subject Finite Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjuncts (corresponding to the Circumstances in Transitivity)
corresponds to the Subject of formal grammar, but by definition is the entity responsible for the validity of the clause
- add a tag question to make sure **which element it is
- their order is the grammatical marker of the Mood type = it signals which exchange is happening (declarative, interrogative etc.)**
part of the Verbal Group that expresses tense polarity (neg. or pos.) and modality
what's left of the VG after the Finite is identified
can conflate usually with simple presentand simple past tense with irregular verb forms
Adverbial Groups or multi-words expressions which can express the speaker's comment or tomporal/ modal meanings
any NG that isn't the Subject
elements that provide circumstantial information = anything that isn't a NG or VG
Mood Types
Indicative Declarative Mood
Indicative interrogative Mood
Indicative Exclamative Imperative Mood
Subject followed by Finite
give information
Finite followed by Subject
demand information or catch the attention if rhetorical
wh-word + Subject followed by Finite
put emphasis to an assertion
No Mood block = Subject is not expressed and the verb is always the Predicator (NO conflation)
give commands
