Scarica il sangue, com'è composto e più Dispense in PDF di Anatomia solo su Docsity!
o²Å¹Ã
*śįƝƌƬƫēͯ ƈͯ éƬƐƭķőƌƝƦķƫƈͯ ïƢƏͯ ưÙįƊƘƢ
,OVDQJXHqXQWHVVXWRFRQQHWWLYRIOXLGRFKHFLUFRODQHOO¶DSSDUDWRFDUGLRYDVFRODUH,OVDQJXH qFRPSRVWRGDSODVPDHGHOHPHQWLILJXUDWL HULWURFLWLOHXFRFLWLHSLDVWULQH ,O VDQJXH q XQ WHVVXWR FRQQHWWLYR IOXLGR DOWDPHQWH VSHFLDOL]]DWR FKH GLVWULEXLVFH VRVWDQ]H QXWULWL]LH RVVLJHQR H RUPRQL D WXWWH OH PLJOLDLD GL PLOLDUGL GL FHOOXOH SUHVHQWL QHO FRUSR XPDQR WUDVSRUWD VRVWDQ]H GL ULILXWR DO UHQH FKH VL RFFXSD GHOO¶HVFUH]LRQH YHLFROD FHOOXOH VSHFLDOL]]DWHLPSRUWDQWLSHUODGLIHVDGHLWHVVXWLSHULIHULFLGDLQIH]LRQLHPDODWWLH ,O VDQJXH VFRUUH DOO¶LQWHUQR GHOO¶DSSDUDWR FLUFRODWRULR (VVR SRVVLHGH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH H FRPSRQHQWLXQLFKHHULVXOWDFRVWLWXLWRHVVHQ]LDOPHQWHGD Ɣ SODVPD OD PDWULFH OLTXLGD GHO VDQJXH FKH KD XQD GHQVLWj VROR OLHYHPHQWH PDJJLRUH ULVSHWWR D TXHOOD GHOO¶DFTXD ,O SODVPD FRQWLHQH SURWHLQH H QXPHURVL VROXWL GLVFLROWL QXWULHQWLHOHWWUROLWLHVRVWDQ]HGLULILXWR Ɣ HOHPHQWL ILJXUDWL RVVLD FHOOXOH HPDWLFKH HULWURFLWL H OHXFRFLWL H IUDPPHQWL FHOOXODUL SLDVWULQH VRVSHVL QHO SODVPD *OL HULWURFLWL R JOREXOL URVVL WUDVSRUWDQR RVVLJHQR H DQLGULGH FDUERQLFD , OHXFRFLWL R JOREXOL ELDQFKL PHQR QXPHURVL VRQR FRPSRQHQWL GHO VLVWHPD LPPXQLWDULR /H SLDVWULQH VRQR IUDPPHQWL GL FLWRSODVPD FLUFRQGDWL GD PHPEUDQDFRQWHQHQWLHQ]LPLHDOWULIDWWRULHVVHQ]LDOLSHUODFRDJXOD]LRQHGHOVDQJXH
1 HO VXR FRPSOHVVR LO VDQJXH q FRHVLYR H UHVLVWHQWH DO IOXVVR FDUDWWHULVWLFKH FKH GHWHUPLQDQR OD VXD YLVFRVLWj 3 DUDJRQDWR DOO¶DFTXD SXUD OD FXL YLVFRVLWj q SDUL D LO SODVPD KD XQD YLVFRVLWj GL H LO VDQJXH LQWHUR FLUFD LQ UDJLRQH GHOOH LQWHUD]LRQL FKH VL VWDELOLVFRQRWUDOHPROHFROHGLDFTXDOHSURWHLQHGLVFLROWHHJOLHOHPHQWLILJXUDWL , PDVFKL DGXOWL JHQHUDOPHQWH KDQQR XQD PDJJLRU TXDQWLWj GL VDQJXH ULVSHWWR DOOH IHPPLQH DGXOWH OLWUL QHO PDVFKLR QHOOD IHPPLQD FRQ DXPHQWR GXUDQWH OD JUDYLGDQ]D /D VWLPDGHOYROXPHHPDWLFRLQOLWULGLXQLQGLYLGXRVLRWWLHQHFDOFRODQGRLOGHOSHVRFRUSRUHR $GHVHPSLRSHUXQLQGLYLGXRFRQSHVRSDULDNJVLVWLPDXQYROXPHGLVDQJXHSDULDSSURVVLPDWLYDPHQWHDOLWUL ,O S+ GHO VDQJXH q GHEROPHQWH DOFDOLQR H OD WHPSHUDWXUD q XQ SR¶ SL DOWD ULVSHWWRDOODWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSRUHD & ,FOLQLFLXWLOL]]DQRLWHUPLQL Ɣ LSRYROHPLFRVFDUVRYROXPHGHOVDQJXH Ɣ QRUPRYROHPLFRQRUPDOHYROXPHGHOVDQJXH Ɣ LSHUYROHPLFRDXPHQWDWRYROXPHGHOVDQJXH
LPPXQRJOREXOLQH GHILQLWH DQFKH DQWLFRUSL DWWDFFDQR SURWHLQH H SDWRJHQL HVWUDQHL
DOO¶RUJDQLVPR /H JOREXOLQH GL WUDVSRUWR OHJDQR SLFFROL LRQL RUPRQL R FRPSRVWL
LQVROXELOLFKHSRWUHEEHURHVVHUHXOWUDILOWUDWLGDOUHQH
Ɣ ,O ILEULQRJHQR UDSSUHVHQWD FLUFD LO GHOOH SURWHLQH SODVPDWLFKH Ê OD SL JUDQGH WUD
OH SURWHLQH SODVPDWLFKH H ULVXOWD HVVHQ]LDOH SHU OD QRUPDOH FRDJXOD]LRQH GHO
VDQJXH ,Q GHWHUPLQDWH FRQGL]LRQL OH PROHFROH GL ILEULQRJHQR LQWHUDJLVFRQR WUD ORUR
IRUPDQGR ILODPHQWL GL ILEULQD JUDQGL H LQVROXELOL 4 XHVWH ILEUH FRVWLWXLVFRQR LO UHWLFROR GL
EDVH GHO FRDJXOR HPDWLFR 1 HO FDVR GL SUHOLHYR GL SODVPD VHQ]D DGHJXDWR
WUDWWDPHQWR FRQ DQWLFRDJXODQWL VL YHULILFD OD FRQYHUVLRQH GHO ILEULQRJHQR LQ ILEULQD H
ODULPR]LRQHGHOOHSURWHLQHFKHFRDJXODQR&LzFKHULPDQHqXQIOXLGRGHILQLWRVLHUR $OEXPLQH H JOREXOLQH OHJDQR OLSLGL FRPH WULJOLFHULGL DFLGL JUDVVL R FROHVWHUROR QRQ LGURVROXELOL 4 XHVWL FRPSOHVVL SURWHROLSLGLFL GHWWL OLSRSURWHLQH VRQR VROXELOL QHO SODVPD H FLz FRQVHQWHDOO¶DSSDUDWRFLUFRODWRULRGLWUDVSRUWDUOLQHLGLVWUHWWLSHULIHULFL ,O IHJDWR VLQWHWL]]D H ULODVFLD SL GHO GHOOH SURWHLQH SODVPDWLFKH /H PDODWWLH HSDWLFKH SRVVRQRSHUWDQWRDOWHUDUHODFRPSRVL]LRQHHODIXQ]LRQHGHOVDQJXH
ĨôƐƈƫŗƦͯ ƻƊśƯƄŗƦ
*OLHOHPHQWLILJXUDWLVRQRLJOREXOLURVVL HULWURFLWL LJOREXOLELDQFKL OHXFRFLWL HOHSLDVWULQH 6 L
GLVWLQJXRQRGXHJURVVHFODVVLGLOHXFRFLWL JUDQXORFLWLHDJUDQXORFLWL
(ULWURFLWL
*OLHULWURFLWL JOREXOLURVVL
VRQRGLVFKLELFRQFDYL
DQXFOHDWL FRQWHQJRQR
HPRJORELQDXQDSURWHLQD
VSHFLDOL]]DWDSHULO
WUDVSRUWRGLRVVLJHQR
*OL HULWURFLWL JOREXOL URVVL R
5 %& 5 HG %ORRG &HOOV
FRUULVSRQGRQR D SRFR
PHQR GHOOD PHWj GHO YROXPH GHO VDQJXH ,O YDORUH GHOO¶HPDWRFULWR LQGLFD OD SHUFHQWXDOH GL VDQJXH RFFXSDWR GDJOL HOHPHQWL ILJXUDWL ,O YDORUH QRUPDOH GHOO¶HPDWRFULWR LQ XQ PDVFKLR DGXOWR q SDUL D UDQJH PHQWUH QHOOD IHPPLQD q SDUL D UDQJH ,O QXPHUR GHJOL HULWURFLWL QHO VDQJXH GL XQ LQGLYLGXR QRUPDOH q HQRUPH 8 Q PLFUROLWUR ȝO R PLOOLPHWUR FXER PP GL VDQJXH FRQWLHQH DSSURVVLPDWLYDPHQWH PLOLRQL GL HULWURFLWL QHO PDVFKLR H PLOLRQL QHOOD IHPPLQD 1 H ULVXOWD FKH LQ XQ LQGLYLGXR DGXOWR LQ XQD VLQJROD JRFFLDGLVDQJXHVRQRSUHVHQWLFLUFDPLOLRQLGLHULWURFLWL
6 WUXWWXUDGHJOLHULWURFLWL
*OL HULWURFLWL WUDVSRUWDQR RVVLJHQR H DQLGULGH FDUERQLFD DOO¶LQWHUQR GHO VDQJXH 6 RQR WUD OH
FHOOXOH PDJJLRUPHQWH VSHFLDOL]]DWH GL WXWWR O¶RUJDQLVPR H OH ORUR FDUDWWHULVWLFKH ULVXOWDQR
HYLGHQWLTXDQGRVRQRSDUDJRQDWHDOOHDOWUHFHOOXOH
2 JQL HULWURFLWD KD OD IRUPD GL XQ GLVFR ELFRQFDYR FRQ XQD UHJLRQH FHQWUDOH VRWWLOH H PDUJLQL
HVWHUQL VSHVVL 3 UHVHQWD XQ GLDPHWUR GL ȝP XQR VSHVVRUH PDVVLPR GL ȝP H QHOOD SRU]LRQHFHQWUDOHXQRVSHVVRUHGLȝP 4 XHVWD LQVROLWD IRUPD FKH DVVLFXUD UHVLVWHQ]D H IOHVVLELOLWj FRQIHULVFH D RJQL JOREXOR URVVR XQD VXSHUILFLH UHODWLYDPHQWH DPSLD SHUPHWWHQGR XQD UDSLGD GLIIXVLRQH WUD LO FLWRSODVPD H LO SODVPD FLUFRVWDQWH 4 XDQGR LO VDQJXH FLUFROD GDL FDSLOODUL SROPRQDUL DL FDSLOODUL GHL WHVVXWL SHULIHULFL H YLFHYHUVD L JDV UHVSLUDWRUL YHQJRQR DVVRUELWL H ULODVFLDWL GDJOL HULWURFLWL /D IRUPD ELFRQFDYD LQROWUH SHUPHWWH ORUR GL LPSLODUVL FRPH SLDWWL 4 XHVWH SLOH GHWWH URXOHDX[ VL IRUPDQR H VL GLVIDQR UDSLGDPHQWH VHQ]D FKH OH FHOOXOH YHQJDQR GDQQHJJLDWH ,QILQH LO VRWWLOH SURILOR GL XQ HULWURFLWD FRQIHULVFH DOOD FHOOXOD XQD FRQVLGHUHYROH IOHVVLELOLWj FRQVHQWHQGROH GLSLHJDUVLFRQDSSDUHQWHIDFLOLWjSHU HQWUDUHLQ FDSLOODULFRQSLFFRORGLDPHWUR 'XUDWDLQYLWDHFLUFROD]LRQHGHJOLHULWURFLWL 'XUDQWH LO GLIIHUHQ]LDPHQWR H OD PDWXUD]LRQH JOL HULWURFLWL SHUGRQR JUDQ SDUWH GHL ORUR RUJDQXOL PDQWHQHQGR VROWDQWR OH FRPSRQHQWL FLWRVFKHOHWULFKH 'D FLz ULVXOWD QHL JOREXOL URVVL FLUFRODQWL OD PDQFDQ]D GL PLWRFRQGUL UHWLFROR HQGRSODVPDWLFR ULERVRPL H QXFOHR ,Q DVVHQ]D GL PLWRFRQGUL JOL HULWURFLWL VRQR REEOLJDWL D SURFXUDUVL HQHUJLD WUDPLWH LO PHWDEROLVPR DQDHURELR H IDQQR TXLQGL DIILGDPHQWR VXO JOXFRVLR RWWHQXWR GDO SODVPD FLUFRVWDQWH 4 XHVWR PHFFDQLVPR ID Vu FKH O¶RVVLJHQR DVVRUELWR D OLYHOOR SROPRQDUH VLD WUDVSRUWDWR DL WHVVXWL SHULIHULFL VHQ]D HVVHUH ³VRWWUDWWR´ GDL PLWRFRQGUL GHO JOREXOR URVVR ,Q DVVHQ]D GL QXFOHR H ULERVRPL QRQ DYYLHQH VLQWHVL SURWHLFD SHU FXL JOL HQ]LPL H OH SURWHLQH VWUXWWXUDOL LQYHFFKLDQR VHQ]DSRWHUHVVHUHVRVWLWXLWL &Lz UDSSUHVHQWD XQ VHULR SUREOHPD SRLFKp XQ HULWURFLWD q VRWWRSRVWR D GLYHUVL WLSL GL VWUHVV 8 QFLUFXLWRFRPSOHWRGHOO¶DSSDUDWRFLUFRODWRULRVLUHDOL]]DVROLWDPHQWHLQ VHFRQGL ,QTXHVWRODVVRGLWHPSRXQJOREXORURVVR Ɣ VLLPSLOD Ɣ VLFRQWRUFHHVLSLHJDQHLSLILQLFDSLOODUL Ɣ SHUULWRUQDUHDOFXRUHHLQL]LDUHXQQXRYRJLUR 7 XWWL TXHVWL HYHQWL LQ DVVHQ]D GL PHFFDQLVPL GL ULSDUD]LRQH VRQR OD UDJLRQH GHOOD EUHYLWj GHOOD YLWD PHGLD GHOO¶HULWURFLWD SDUL D FLUFD JLRUQL ,Q TXHVWR SHULRGR SHUFRUUH TXDVL NP VXELVFH GDQQL DOOD PHPEUDQD SODVPDWLFD ILQR D FKH LQYHFFKLDWR YLHQH HOLPLQDWR GDL IDJRFLWL 2 JQL JLRUQR TXLQGL TXDVL O¶ GHJOL HULWURFLWL YLHQH VRVWLWXLWR SHU FXL RJQL VHFRQGR YHQJRQRSURGRWWLTXDVLPLOLRQLGLHULWURFLWL (ULWURFLWLHGHPRJORELQD 8 Q HULWURFLWD PDWXUR FRQVLVWH GL XQD PHPEUDQD FKH FLUFRQGD XQ FLWRSODVPD FRQWHQHQWH DFTXD FLUFDLO HSURWHLQH FLUFDLO ,O GHOOH SURWHLQH GHOO¶HULWURFLWD q UDSSUHVHQWDWR GDOOH PROHFROH GL HPRJORELQD +E UHVSRQVDELOH GHOOD FDSDFLWj GL TXHVWH FHOOXOH GL WUDVSRUWDUH RVVLJHQR H DQLGULGH FDUERQLFD 6 L WUDWWD GL XQD SURWHLQD JOREXODUH FKH FRQWLHQH XQ SLJPHQWR QRQ SURWHLFR URVVR /¶HPRJORELQD RVVLJHQDWD q GL FRORUH URVVR LQWHQVR O¶HPRJORELQD GHRVVLJHQDWD q GL FRORUH URVVR VFXUR H FLzqDOODEDVHGHOODGLIIHUHQ]DGLFRORUHWUDVDQJXHDUWHULRVRHVDQJXHYHQRVR &LDVFXQD PROHFROD GL HPRJORELQD SUHVHQWD XQD FRQIRUPD]LRQH FRPSOHVVD HVVHQGR FRVWLWXLWD GD TXDWWUR VXEXQLWj SROLSHSWLGLFKH GXH FDWHQH DOID Į H GXH FDWHQH EHWD ȕ
DJJOXWLQLQH FKH DWWDFFKHUDQQR DJJOXWLQRJHQL ³HVWUDQHL´ ,O VDQJXH GL XQ LQGLYLGXR GL JUXSSR
$ GL JUXSSR % R GL JUXSSR 2 FRQWLHQH VHPSUH DQWLFRUSL GLUHWWL FRQWUR JOL DQWLJHQL GL VXSHUILFLH
HVWUDQHL
/HXFRFLWL
,JOREXOLELDQFKL OHXFRFLWL VRQRFODVVLILFDWLLQGXHJUXSSL JUDQXORFLWL FKHSUHVHQWDQRJUDQXOL
FLWRSODVPDWLFL HDJUDQXORFLWL SULYLGLJUDQXOL
, OHXFRFLWL JOREXOL ELDQFKL R :%& :KLWH %ORRG &HOO VRQR FHOOXOH FKH VL WURYDQR QHO WRUUHQWH
FLUFRODWRULR H SULQFLSDOPHQWH GLVSHUVH QHL WHVVXWL SHULIHULFL ,O ORUR FRPSLWR q GL GLIHQGHUH LO FRUSR XPDQR GDOO¶DJJUHVVLRQH GL DJHQWL SDWRJHQL H GL ULPXRYHUH WRVVLQH VRVWDQ]H GL ULILXWR H FHOOXOHGDQQHJJLDWHRDOWHUDWH 7 XWWLLOHXFRFLWLKDQQRGLPHQVLRQLSDULRVXSHULRULDTXHOOHGHJOLHULWURFLWL 6 LSRVVRQRVXGGLYLGHUHLQGXHJURVVLJUXSSL Ɣ OHXFRFLWL JUDQXODUL R JUDQXORFLWL FKH SRVVLHGRQR JURVVH LQFOXVLRQL JUDQXODUL QHO ORUR FLWRSODVPD Ɣ OHXFRFLWL DJUDQXODUL R DJUDQXORFLWL FKH QRQ SRVVLHGRQR JUDQXOL FLWRSODVPDWLFL YLVLELOL FRQLOPLFURVFRSLRRWWLFR ,QXQPLFUROLWURGLVDQJXHVRQRFRQWHQXWLGDDOHXFRFLWL , VXIILVVL SHQLD H RVL VRQR XWLOL]]DWL SHU LQGLFDUH EDVVR R HOHYDWR QXPHUR ULVSHWWLYDPHQWH GL XQR VSHFLILFR WLSR GL OHXFRFLWD $G HVHPSLR OLQIRSHQLD LQGLFD XQ QXPHUR ULGRWWR GL OLQIRFLWL PHQWUHOLQIRFLWRVLLQGLFDXQQXPHURLQVROLWDPHQWHDOWR ,Q FDVR GL OHVLRQH R GL LQYDVLRQH GL XQ GLVWUHWWR GD SDUWH GL XQ RUJDQLVPR SDWRJHQR OH FHOOXOH ULODVFLDQR QHO IOXLGR LQWHUVWL]LDOH PHGLDWRUL FKLPLFL FKH ULFKLDPDQR OHXFRFLWL FKHPLRWDVVL L TXDOL WUDVSRUWDWL GDO WRUUHQWH FLUFRODWRULR D OLYHOOR GHO VLWR LQWHUHVVDWR PLJUDQR DWWUDYHUVR LO ULYHVWLPHQWR HQGRWHOLDOH GL XQ FDSLOODUH LQVLQXDQGRVL WUD GXH FHOOXOH HQGRWHOLDOL DGLDFHQWL QHO SURFHVVRQRWRFRPH GLDSHGHVL
/HXFRFLWLJUDQXODUL
,QEDVHDOOHORURFDUDWWHULVWLFKHGLFRORUD]LRQHLJUDQXORFLWLVRQRFODVVLILFDWLLQQHXWURILOL
HRVLQRILOLHEDVRILOL,QHXWURILOLHLEDVRILOLVRQRFHOOXOHIDJRFLWDULHLPSRUWDQWLQHOODULVSRVWD
LPPXQLWDULD,OHXFRFLWLJUDQXODULSRVVRQRHVVHUHVXGGLYLVLVXOODEDVHGHOOHDIILQLWjDL FRORUDQWLLQOHXFRFLWLQHXWURILOLHRVLQRILOLHEDVRILOL 1 HXWURILOLHGHRVLQRILOLVRQRLPSRUWDQWL FHOOXOHIDJRFLWLFKHFKHSDUWHFLSDQRDOODULVSRVWDLPPXQLWDULD,EDVRILOLULODVFLDQRLVWDPLQDHG HSDULQD
1 HXWURILOL
, QHXWURILOL UDSSUHVHQWDQR LO GHL OHXFRFLWL FLUFRODQWL ,O ORUR QRPH GHULYD GDO IDWWR FKH L
JUDQXOL FLWRSODVPDWLFL FRQWHQHQWL HQ]LPL OLVRVRPDOL H FRPSRVWL EDWWHULFLGL QRQ VL FRORUDQR
8 Q QHXWURILOR PDWXUR KD XQ GLDPHWUR TXDVL GRSSLR ULVSHWWR D XQ HULWURFLWD ,O QXFOHR q GHQVR H SROLOREDWR , QHXWURILOL VRQR FHOOXOH HVWUHPDPHQWH PRELOL OH SULPH DG DFFRUUHUH QHL VLWL GL OHVLRQH 6 YROJRQR DWWLYLWj IDJRFLWDULD PROWR LQWHQVD VSHFLDOL]]DWD QHOO¶DWWDFFDUH H QHO GLJHULUH L EDWWHUL +DQQR JHQHUDOPHQWH XQD YLWD EUHYH GL FLUFD RUH 'RSR DYHU GLJHULWR GHWULWL R SDWRJHQL LO QHXWURILOR PXRUH ULODVFLDQGR VRVWDQ]H FKLPLFKH FKH ULFKLDPDQR LQ TXHO GLVWUHWWR XOWHULRUL QHXWURILOL
(RVLQRILOL
*OL HRVLQRILOL DQFKH GHWWL DFLGRILOL GHYRQR LO ORUR QRPH DL JUDQXOL FKH VL FRORUDQR
LQWHQVDPHQWH FRQ O¶HRVLQD XQ FRORUDQWH DFLGR GL FRORUH URVVR /H ORUR GLPHQVLRQL VRQR VLPLOL
D TXHOOH GHL QHXWURILOL GDL TXDOL SRVVRQR HVVHUH GLVWLQWL VLD SHU L JUDQXOL GL FRORUH URVVDVWUR
VLDSHULOQXFOHRELOREDWR
*OL HRVLQRILOL VRQR FHOOXOH IDJRFLWDULH DWWUDWWH GD VRVWDQ]H HVWUDQHH FKH KDQQR LQWHUDJLWR FRQ
DQWLFRUSL FLUFRODQWL ,O QXPHUR GHJOL HRVLQRILOL DXPHQWD YLVWRVDPHQWH GXUDQWH OH FULVL
DOOHUJLFKH R OH LQIH]LRQL SDUDVVLWDULH (VVL ULODVFLDQR HQ]LPL FKH ULGXFRQR O¶LQILDPPD]LRQH
SURGRWWDGDQHXWURILOLHPDVWFHOOXOHFRQWUROODQGRQHODGLIIXVLRQHDLWHVVXWLDGLDFHQWL
%DVRILOL
, EDVRILOL SRVVLHGRQR JUDQXOL FKH VL FRORUDQR LQWHQVDPHQWH FRQ L FRORUDQWL EDVLFL H LQ XQR
VWULVFLR VWDQGDUG DSSDLRQR GL FRORULWR EOX R SRUSRUD 6 RQR SLXWWRVWR UDUL UDSSUHVHQWDQGR
PHQR GHOO¶ GHOOD SRSROD]LRQH OHXFRFLWDULD , EDVRILOL DWWUDYHUVDQR O¶HQGRWHOLR FDSLOODUH H
UDJJLXQJRQR L VLWL GDQQHJJLDWL GRYH OLEHUDQR LO FRQWHQXWR GHL ORUR JUDQXOL QHO IOXLGR
LQWHUVWL]LDOH , JUDQXOL FRQWHQJRQR LVWDPLQD FKH SURYRFD YDVRGLODWD]LRQH HG HSDULQD
FKH LPSHGLVFH OD FRDJXOD]LRQH GHO VDQJXH ,O ULODVFLR GL TXHVWH VRVWDQ]H VWLPROD OD
ULVSRVWD LQILDPPDWRULD LQL]LDWD GDOOH PDVWFHOOXOH QHO VLWR GDQQHJJLDWR 6 HEEHQH OH
PDVWFHOOXOH R PDVWRFLWL ULODVFLQR TXHVWH VWHVVH VRVWDQ]H QHL FRQQHWWLYL GDQQHJJLDWL HVVH
VRQR FHOOXOH GLYHUVH GDL EDVRILOL , EDVRILOL VWLPRODWL ULODVFLDQR DQFKH DOWUH VRVWDQ]H FKLPLFKH
FKHDWWUDJJRQRHRVLQRILOLHDOWULEDVRILOLQHOO¶DUHD
/HXFRFLWLDJUDQXODUL
/HGXHFODVVLGLOHXFRFLWLDJUDQXODULPRQRFLWLHOLQIRFLWLGLIIHULVFRQRVLDGDOSXQWRGLYLVWD
VWUXWWXUDOHFKHIXQ]LRQDOH
0 RQRFLWL
FRPXQLFD]LRQHFRQXQHVWHVRUHWLFRORFKHVLLUUDGLDQHOODSRU]LRQHSHULIHULFDGHOFLWRSODVPD
'XUDQWH OR VYLOXSSR H OD FUHVFLWD L PHJDFDULRFLWL VLQWHWL]]DQR SURWHLQH VWUXWWXUDOL HQ]LPL H
PHPEUDQH 4 XLQGL LQL]LDQR D VIDOGDUVL LQ SLFFROL IUDPPHQWL UDFFKLXVL GD PHPEUDQD HG
HQWUDQR LQ FLUFROR 8 Q PHJDFDULRFLWD PDWXUR SHUGH JUDGXDOPHQWH WXWWR LO FLWRSODVPD
IRUPDQGR FLUFD SLDVWULQH PHQWUH LO QXFOHR YLHQH LQJOREDWR GDL IDJRFLWL H L VXRL
FRVWLWXHQWLYHQJRQRULFLFODWL
/H SLDVWULQH YHQJRQR FRQWLQXDPHQWH ULPSLD]]DWH XQD VLQJROD SLDVWULQD FLUFROD SHU
JLRUQL SULPD GL HVVHUH IDJRFLWDWD 8 Q PLFUROLWUR GL VDQJXH FLUFRODQWH FRQWLHQH FLUFD
SLDVWULQH &LUFD XQ WHU]R GHOOH SLDVWULQH SUHVHQWL QHOO¶RUJDQLVPR q WUDWWHQXWR QHOOD PLO]D H LQ DOWUL RUJDQL YDVFRODUL SLXWWRVWR FKH QHO VDQJXH FLUFRODQWH 7 DOL ULVHUYH SRVVRQR HVVHUH PRELOL]]DWH TXDQGR VL YHULILFD XQD FULVL FLUFRODWRULD FRPH DG HVHPSLR LQ FDVR GL XQD JUDYH HPRUUDJLD 8 Q QXPHUR WURSSR EDVVR GL SLDVWULQH PHQR GL SHU ȝO q GHILQLWR WURPERFLWRSHQLD LQGLFH GL GLVWUX]LRQH HFFHVVLYD R GL SURGX]LRQH LQDGHJXDWD GL SLDVWULQH , VLQWRPL FRPSUHQGRQR VDQJXLQDPHQWR D OLYHOOR GHO FDQDOH GLJHUHQWH D OLYHOOR FXWDQHR H RFFDVLRQDOPHQWH GHO 61 & 1 HOOD WURPERFLWRVL LQYHFH OH SLDVWULQH SRVVRQR HVVHUH ROWUH SHU ȝO VROLWDPHQWH LQ ULVSRVWD DG DXPHQWDWD SURGX]LRQH LQ VHJXLWR D LQIH]LRQL LQILDPPD]LRQLRWXPRUL /H SLDVWULQH SDUWHFLSDQR DO SURFHVVR GHOOD FRDJXOD]LRQH GHO VDQJXH FKH ULFKLHGH DQFKH O¶LQWHUYHQWR GL DOFXQH SURWHLQH SODVPDWLFKH H GL DOWUH FHOOXOH H FRPSRQHQWL GHOO¶DSSDUDWR FLUFRODWRULR /¶HPRVWDVL OLPLWD OD SHUGLWD GL VDQJXH DWWUDYHUVR OD SDUHWH GL YDVL GDQQHJJLDWL DVVLFXUDQGR DQFKH OD IRUPD]LRQH GL XQD VWUXWWXUD QHFHVVDULD DOOD ULSDUD]LRQH GHO YDVR /¶HPRVWDVL FRLQYROJH XQD VHTXHQ]D FRPSOHVVD GL HYHQWL LO PDOIXQ]LRQDPHQWR GL XQR GHL TXDOL SXz FRPSURPHWWHUH O¶LQWHUR VLVWHPD $QFKH OD FDUHQ]D GL LRQL FDOFLR R GL YLWDPLQD. SXz LQWHUIHULUH /H IXQ]LRQL GHOOHSLDVWULQH Ɣ LQQHVFDQR H FRQWUROODQR LO SURFHVVR GHOOD FRDJXOD]LRQH DWWUDYHUVR LO ULODVFLR GL HQ]LPL HGLDOWULIDWWRULDOPRPHQWRRSSRUWXQR Ɣ VL DJJUHJDQR WUD ORUR QHO VLWR GDQQHJJLDWR IRUPDQGR LO WDSSR SLDVWULQLFR FKH PHQWUH DYYLHQHLOSURFHVVRGLFRDJXOD]LRQHSXzUDOOHQWDUHODSHUGLWDHPDWLFD Ɣ FRQWHQJRQR ILODPHQWL GL DFWLQD H GL PLRVLQD FKH GRSR OD IRUPD]LRQH GHO FRDJXOR VL FRQWUDJJRQR ULGXFHQGR OD GLPHQVLRQH GHOOR VWHVVR H DYYLFLQDQGR L PDUJLQL GHO YDVR OHVR
(PRSRLHVL
/¶HPRSRLHVL q LO SURFHVVR GL IRUPD]LRQH GHOOH FHOOXOH GHO VDQJXH /H FHOOXOH VWDPLQDOL GHWWH DQFKHFHOOXOHVWDPLQDOLHPRSRLHWLFKHGDQQRRULJLQHDWXWWHOHFHOOXOHGHOVDQJXH (ULWURSRLHVL 1 HJOLDGXOWLO¶HULWURSRLHVLKDOXRJRQHOPLGROORRVVHRURVVR,OSURFHVVRqUHJRODWR GDOO¶HULWURSRLHWLQD ( 32
(ULWURSRLHVL q LO WHUPLQH FKH LQGLFD VSHFLILFDPHQWH OD IRUPD]LRQH GL HULWURFLWL SURFHVVR FKH LQL]LD SUHFRFHPHQWH GXUDQWH OR VYLOXSSR HPEULRQDOH ,O PLGROOR RVVHR URVVR q OD VHGH SULQFLSDOHGLIRUPD]LRQHGHOOHFHOOXOHGHOVDQJXHQHOO¶RUJDQLVPRDGXOWR 4 XHVWR WHVVXWR VL WURYD D OLYHOOR GHOOH YHUWHEUH GHOOR VWHUQR GHOOH FRVWH GHOOH RVVD FUDQLFKH GHOOHVFDSROHGHOEDFLQRHGHOOHHSLILVLSURVVLPDOLGHOOHRVVDGHJOLDUWL ,Q FRQGL]LRQL SDUWLFRODUL LO PLGROOR RVVHR JLDOOR FKH RFFXSD OD FDYLWj GLDILVDULD GL PROWH RVVD OXQJKH SXz FRQYHUWLUVL LQ PLGROOR URVVR $G HVHPSLR TXHVWD FRQYHUVLRQH SXz DYYHQLUH LQ VHJXLWR D SHUGLWH HPDWLFKH FRVSLFXH H SUROXQJDWH FRQ OR VFRSR GL LQFUHPHQWDUH OD SURGX]LRQHGLHULWURFLWL 3 HUFKp VL UHDOL]]L O¶HULWURSRLHVL q QHFHVVDULR FKH LO PLGROOR ULFHYD DGHJXDWH TXDQWLWj GL DPLQRDFLGLIHUURHYLWDPLQD%FRQWHQXWDQHJOLDOLPHQWLHVRSUDWWXWWRQHOODFDUQH /¶HULWURSRLHVL q FRQWUROODWD GDOO¶HULWURSRLHWLQD ( 32 /¶HULWURSRLHWLQD q XQD JOLFRSURWHLQD VLQWHWL]]DWD H VHFUHWD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GDO UHQH LQ FRQGL]LRQL GL LSRVVLD H VYROJH HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH GXHIXQ]LRQL Ɣ VWLPROD OD SUROLIHUD]LRQH GHJOL HULWUREODVWL H GHOOH FHOOXOH VWDPLQDOL GD FXL GHULYDQR JOL HULWUREODVWL Ɣ DFFHOHUD OD PDWXUD]LRQH GHJOL HULWURFLWL DXPHQWDQGR OD YHORFLWj GL VLQWHVL GHOO¶HPRJORELQD ,Q FDVR GL LQWHQVD VWLPROD]LRQH FRQ ( 32 LO PLGROOR RVVHR SXz DXPHQWDUH GL YROWH OD YHORFLWj GL SURGX]LRQH GL HULWURFLWL UDJJLXQJHQGR L PLOLRQL GLFHOOXOHDOVHFRQGR /HXFRSRLHVL /DOHXFRSRLHVLqLOSURFHVVRGLIRUPD]LRQHGHLJOREXOLELDQFKLFKHQHJOLDGXOWLVLDWWXDDOLYHOOR GHOPLGROORRVVHRURVVR ,O SURFHVVR GL IRUPD]LRQH GHL OHXFRFLWL q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u FRPH QHO PLGROOR RVVHR URVVR /H FHOOXOH VWDPLQDOL PLJUDWH QHO WLPRRULJLQDQROLQIRFLWL 7
