INGLESE 2 morfosintassi e lessico inglese, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

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What does it mean to know

a word?

To know a word means to know:

• its spelling
• Its pronunciation
• Its syntax

What is polysemy?

• Polysemy is when the same word acquires different meanings in different contexts.
• For example we can take the word Greasy.
• Greasy generally means «full of oil»
• But if I say” greasy people” it means that they are people with a non natural behaviour.
• If I say “greasy fingers” or “greasy hair”, it means dirty fingers or dirty hair.
• If I say “greasy food, greasy chips” I mean that the food\chips are full of oil or grease.

What is the word form?

It identifies the orthographical form of the word, but also the

phonological form of this one.

Ex DOG = word form Speaker that say dog  the sounds of this word are considered as the word form.

What is the grammatical

word?

The grammatical word is the word composed by= lexeme + meanings, which are different Ex Today I take the garbage Yesterday I took the garbage Took and take (verbs) have the same meaning , share the same meaning of to take, take, and so of their lexeme of appartenence.

What is Lexica?

• Lexica is all the words which we know of a certain language.
• Lexica is so important because, without it, we cannot communicate. Ex if I see a dog that is running, and I want to expain it to another person, but I don’t know the lexeme dog and so I say just «run» or «is running», the person cannot understand what I mean. We could know all the verbal forms or conjuctions etc. but if we don’t know the lexica, the communicsation is impossible. Knowing lexica is important because we can choose the right word for different kind of speech (formal and informal).

Lexemes are all connected in networks, and just you can choose the right lexeme for your speech.

What is the difference between active learning

and passive learning?

• Passive learning includes all the thing that we learn, without necessary studying, but also listening or speaking during our routine, without going to school.
• Active learning is when you go to school and study to learn a thing. PASSIVE LEARANING

How can we classify words?

• We can classify words in:

1. VARIABLE VS NON VARIABLE Variable= words that change their form ex. man-men, slow-slowly Not variable = words that not change their form. Ex. On, in, to, about, if ..
2. OPEN-SET-ITEMS VS CLOSED-SET-ITEMS Open-set-items= they change rapidly across the time ex. re-play Closed-set-items= they change slowly across the time ex. he,be …

How can you classify bound morphemes?

• In affixes:
• • prefixes (before) ex. re - play
• Suffixes (after) ex. play- er
• Infixes ( central position) Bound morphemes can be also:
• Directional, that build new words
• Inflectional, that build new forms of a word.

What are the allomorphs?

Allomorphs = different pronunciations or forms of the same morpheme Ex. dog-s; hat-s  [s] and [z] here have different sounds but the same meaning: plural Ex. An apple- A house  An and A here have different forms but the same meaning: indefinite article and singular

What is a compounding?

• A compounding is a set of free morphemes that forms a word.
• Ex. water and bed waterbed
• Dog and house doghouse (cuccia)

Explain the anatomy of a word.

RE-PLAY-S RE + PLAY= STEAM RE= PREFIX S= SUFFIX PLAY= ROOT

What is another classification of words? With

H-W-W.

• WORDS CAN BE ALSO CLASSIFIED BY THE POINT OF VIEW OF:

• WHERE they are used ex. set the car between pigeons used just in Australian and British English.
• HOW OFTEN they are used. There are more common words and others used only in specific contexts.
• WHEN THEY ARE\WERE USED if a word is old-fashioned or not.

Word changes. WHY?

• Words can change because of:
• Social changes ex. Brexit
• Need to express emotion slang
• New social classes or groups of people. Ex jargon
• New technologies, inventions and fashions. Ex google, twitter, facebook, selfie
• Culture, taboos
• Natural reasons Etc