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ROMANTIC POETS: THE 2° GENERATION
● The second generation of Romantic poets: BYRON, SHELLEY and KEATS were all quite different from each other (in their aesthetic style and in their preoccupations) But One thing that they all have in common was a SENSE OF THE FAILURE OF ART to capture the idea they tried to express ⇒ So they were more conscious of the real distance that separates art from life. ● The poet's consciousness (coscienza) expressed in their poems is more complex than authors such as Wordsworth and Coleridge (authors of 1° generation). ● Their poems often reflect on the **LIMITS OF LANGUAGE.
- GEORGE BYRON** → George Byron during the 19th century was considered as the perfect example of a Romantic poet , even if many of Byron's contemporaries considered his poems immoral. [ LIFE ] ● 1788 George Byron was born in London from an aristocratic family ● His poems were criticized for his taste for satire. ● He left Britain for the Grand Tour of Europe. ● His marriage collapsed because of his incestuous relationship with his half-sister, a scandal → so he left Britain and never returned. ● He became a friend of the poet Shelley ● (in Venice) he started his masterpiece , the mock-epic Don Juan (epica satirica), which was a kind of autobiography, because it projects his life inside Don Juan ● (1824) he died in Greece.
Byron became a legendary figure , more known for his life than his poetry. During his life he was a libertine , but at the same time a champion of liberty, the example of the a "Byronic hero". [ LITERARY PRODUCTION ] Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Don Juan, and Darkness are the most important Byron's poems:
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a semi-autobiographical poem about the wanderings (peripezie) of a young man. - Don Juan is his masterpiece; a mock-epic poem. - Darkness is influenced by a phenomenon of mass hysteria. [ STYLE ] Byron doesn't completely reject Neoclassicism. Byron's verse tends to oscillate between lyrical expansion (l'espansione lirica) and COMIC IRONY. ⇒ The theory of romantic irony developed by the German philosopher Schlegel, is present in the works of all the second-generation Romantics, but only in
Byron it becomes COMIC.
The SENSE OF THE FAILURE OF ART TO CAPTURE THE IDEA HE TRIED TO EXPRESS is evident in all of his poems and shows the real distance that separates art from life. BYRONIC HERO : es Jane Eyre, Harold ● The Byronic hero , protagonist of Byron's poems, was generally a young man , moody (lunatico), restless and inclined to melancholy. ● He was solitary and handsome → an outsider , at the same time isolated and attractive ; ● He was a REBEL , rejected the conventional moral rules of society, went against convention and fought for lost causes. ● He was mysterious and often hid some secrets in his past. Thanks to its beauty, women couldn't resist him, but often he refused their love. He also had a great sensibility to nature and beauty, and even if his manners were a bit wild , he was attractive. → [ BYRON’S INDIVIDUALISM ] This Romantic hero was of noble birth and characterized by proud individualism: Byron in fact hated any sort of contrast, firmly believed in individual liberty and denounced the evils (mali) of society by using satire;
● The novel ends with NO HOPE for the future , and the awareness (consapevolezza) of the inevitable death of the planet. ● So that year was strongly FELT INTERNALLY 🤯 by the poet as imminent and apocalyptic 🧨 💣 , and all these feelings were represented in the poem. 2) PERCY SHELLEY : was a political radical who rebelled against the social and religious values of his society, such as the institutions of marriage, family and the Church. ● (1792) Percy Shelley was born in England. ● He was expelled from university for circulating a pamphlet that he had written (called The Necessity of Atheism) , where he challenged the existence of God. ● He continued to publish radical (estremisti) pamphlets. ● Shelley ran away to Europe with Mary. ● His first wife killed herself (si è annegata) in a lake and Shelley married Mary. ● (1822) Shelley died when his boat went down in a storm in the Bay of La Spezia.
[ LITERARY PRODUCTION ]
● Shelley first wrote two philosophical poems, then his most famous work, Ozymandias. ● Later in 1819 (Shelley's most productive period) he wrote some poems inspired by political events in England , such as England in 1819 and Ode to the West Wind.
[ STYLE ] - SHELLEY’S WORKS REVEAL:
→ his restless spirit (irrequieto) ; → his refusal of social conventions and political oppression ; → his faith in a better future. He believed in freedom and love : the remedies for the faults (colpe) and evils of society. Through love man could overcome any political, moral and social conventions. [ SHELLEY'S POETRY ] ● Shelley's poetry is revolutionary, creative, and the expression of his imagination. ● He compared the role of the poet as that of a prophet and believed in the power of poetry to reform the world. ⇒ So he was a NEW FIGURE. His task is to make humanity free from tyranny and destruction in an ideal world of freedom , love and beauty. ● Shelley's poetry was characterized by an intensity of tone. ● We often have the impression that Shelley is trying to transmit an idea that is more profound than words permit him to express, indeed an important part of Shelley's aesthetic is the failure of words to capture the idea he tried to express. NATURE : ● Unlike Wordsworth, NATURE IS NOT THE REAL WORD ; ● Nature is a beautiful VEIL that hides the eternal truth ; (velo di maya Schopenhauer) ● It is also the favorite refuge from the injustice of the ordinary world; ● Shelley projects in nature his dreams and his hopes for a better future.
● Shelley's favorite element is AIR : He identifies himself with natural elements, in particular with wind and birds, because he wants to be free and has the desire to transcend human limits. Shelley said that " Poetry is something divine. It’s the center of knowledge (awareness) ".
a] OZYMANDIAS ( poem in the form of a sonnet )
● Ozymandias is the Greek name of the Egyptian king Ramses II (Egyptian themes were popular at the time among the cultured public). ● The poem, written in the form of a sonnet, describes a supposed meeting with a "traveler from an antique land" (Egypt), who has seen in the desert the ruins of a statue of Ozymandias. ⇒ but all that remains are two legs without a body ● The poem is a warning about the fate of all empires and about the terrible arrogance of those who built them. ⬇ ⇒ indeed around the statue the desert is empty : NOTHING OF THE EMPIRE REMAINS ● So the poem clearly alludes to the DEVASTATION caused by IMPERIAL AMBITIONS. Other important themes are: → the insignificance of human beings to the passage of time; → and the indiscriminate and often destructive power of nature. [ STYLE ] The poem's structure reflects its subject: the natural rhythm of the lines constantly interrupts, giving an impression of fragmentation and discontinuity.
b] ENGLAND IN 1819 ( poem in the form of a sonnet )
● Written in the form of a sonnet , this poem is a valuation of the state of England in 1819 , the year when the Peterloo massacre took place (rivolta interna repressa nel sangue dall'esercito); ● Shelley, inspired also by this event, wrote this poem, in which he makes a list of the evils that he believes afflict England, condemning firstly the king , the royal family and the corrupt political leaders of England, (described as “ parasites that suck/sucking the country's blood ”). ● He describes the people as “ hungry and knifed ” , so killed twice, first by the poverty and the hunger , then for the repression by the army (who should instead defend them ) ● Shelley also reflect about the role of the army : He observes how the army , itself composed of England people , is a TWO-EDGED SWORD, used both : → to fight against Britain's enemies → and to kill its own citizens. In this sense the soldiers , fighting against their brothers, are killing their own freedom too.
❖ There are also frequent exclamations where he asks for the wind to listen to him, but he doesn't have the linguistic instruments to do it. ⇒ so Shelley tries to break the limits of language that separate him from the wind , but it seems difficult. ❖ ⇒ There is a sense of constant restlessness (irrequietezza). ❖ There are many personifications, with which the poet tries to identify himself with wind. A wind that is also a wind of revolution and became a symbol of human spirit that overcomes the limits and the present situation. Indeed at the end he alludes to a renewal of society. 3) JOHN KEATS : ● He was born in London (in 1795); he became passionate about poetry from an early age ● he suffered FAMILY DEATHS : he lost his mother and brother for tuberculosis ● He suffered from tuberculosis too and died. KEATS’ IMAGINATION + THE CONCEPT OF BEAUTY: ➢ Keats discovers that beauty isn't an escape from the suffering, caused by the death of the family, but it is a TRAP , a form of death in life (and in his work, 'la belle dame sans merci', is evident in the figure of the femme fatal) ↕ Keats believes in the supreme value of IMAGINATION , and this made him a Romantic poet !!! ⇒ A beauty that allows him to reach the truth. The contemplation of beauty is the central theme of Keats’ poetry; in particular he was inspired by the Classical Greek world that lives again in his verses, interpreted with the eyes of a Romantic poet. All the senses are involved in this process. Physical beauty is caught in all the forms: from a flower, to the curves of a woman; but beauty can also produce a sort of spiritual beauty of love, friendship and poetry. ➢ The physical beauty is mutable and is linked to life, while the spiritual beauty is immortal. So through his poetries Keats is able to reach something that he believes unchanging ( irraggiungibile ) in a world characterized by mortality and sadness. THE POET’S TASKS :
➢ Keats has NO moral and political AIM … he is interested in the fantastic and
supernatural; he is more interested in the qualities of the poetry than in what it transmits. ➢ so the poet has what he called “negative capability”, a new view of the poet’s task.
[ LITERARY PRODUCTION ]
- La Belle Dame Sans Merci, a ballad which had a taste for medieval themes
- The great Odes ( Ode on a Grecian Urn ). a] LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCI ( a ballad written in 1819 ) ➢ Its title comes from a French poet’s poem, which deals with the medieval theme of unrequited courtly love (amor cortese non corrisposto). ➢ “ La Belle Dame Sans Merci ” of Keats is a symbol of art , of a seducer woman, the example of the famous expression women as “femme fatal” (ingannatrice) who traps those who love her in a labyrinth of dreams from which there is no escape. ⇒ Art ('la belle dame sans merci') is a TRAP ➢ In the poem, the poet meets a knight who describes his encounter with a beautiful woman who said she loved him and took him to her cave. ➢ There the knight had a terrible dream full of figures as knights, kings and princes, all her victims. He has become one of her victims. ⇒ When he wakes up from the dream, he finds himself in a desolate world, similar to that one in his dream. ➢ The poem moves from reality to dreams and becomes impossible to distinguish in which of two worlds we are. ➢ In this ballad, the dream of art isn't a form of escape, but the realization that art is a trap. If one allows oneself to be seduced by this illusory beauty, boring and colorless, one will no longer be able to live in the real world. b] ODE ON A GRECIAN URN (poem) ● In this poem, Keats reflects about the immortality and the perfection of art versus life. ● The poem reflects on works of art and their effects. ● The Greek urn, which is the subject of the poem, is decorated with different scenes and represents a perfect example of work of art. ● The figures on the urn are eternal , but there is a price to pay for eternity. The figures have been "frozen" in a state of pure beauty but at the same time they are "cold": people are made of marble (marmo).
2) JANE AUSTEN :
[ LIFE ]
● Jane Austen was born (in 1775) in Hampshire , in England. ● She spent her short life around her lovely family , and in particular with her sister. ● She was educated at home by her father who loves the classics, and showed an interest in literature and writing at an early age. ● She produced a lot of work of prose, like “ First Impressions” , which later became “ Pride and Prejudice” (published in 1813). ● When her father died, Jane, her sister and her mother settled away in a small country village near her birthplace. ● She died at age of 41 (in 1817) A VERY IMPORTANT THING IS THAT ALL HER NOVELS WERE ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED ANONYMOUSLY : Indeed her identity was only later revealed by her brother. [ STYLE ] ● In her novels there is a psychological comprehension of all the characters , indeed her novels are famous for the psychological and social analyses of the provincial English society in which she lived. ● She chose to describe the world of the middle class and country gentry , and she does that with a very scientific eye ● Jane is not interested in history (no historical novels) ● She uses the omniscient narrator. ● She prefers the dialogue : she let her characters present themselves by the dialogues. ( = the dialogue reveals her characters ). ● Her style was also characterized by the use of irony. ● She was a really revolutionary figure , especially in her use of caricature, but she doesn’t empathize with the characters and she doesn't make judgments ;
⇒ so she is always NEUTRAL and remains external to the story.
● She used the free indirect speech (discorso indiretto libero). [ LIMITS AND QUALITIES ] She was a great novelist but she also had some LIMITS : ● All of her novels have the same plot and the same themes , so in her novels there is a limit in set, in plot and in characters. ● She has never traveled, so she hadn't a complete vision of the whole English society and of the historical events of her era. ● So her world is limited to what she sees in her village ⇒ She was interested in characters typical of her reality and her small world. ● A LIMITATION BUT ALSO A QUALITY, because she can better concentrate on their particular psychological analysis.
● She WASN'T a MORALIST , she didn't give us morals ⇒ NO MORAL
[ THE NOVEL OF MANNERS ] (romanzo di costume):
Jane Austen certainly was the master of the novel of manners. (società contem)
She talked about the different social classes in everyday situations, in particular
she focused on the relationship between manners, social behavior and character.
[ THEMES ] ⇒ VALUES OF THE OLDEST ENGLAND The plots and settings of her novels had their basis in the traditional values of property, money and marriage. Austen writes about the oldest England , linked to the old values of the possession of land and country houses. ⇒ SOCIAL MOBILITY + MARRIAGE : In her stories people from different countries get married, because marriage is a way of social mobility for the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. In Pride and Prejudice , Austen is interested in the search for a balance between the need of social and economic stability in the institution of marriage , and the desire to follow one's ambitions and feelings. ⇒ THEME OF LOVE : She was rational , not rebellious; She was NOT romantic. She didn't appreciate the romantic sense of nature and life, even if her novels spoke about love stories; ⇒ preferred reality. IN HER NOVELS THERE IS ALWAYS A HAPPY ENDING: the romantic marriage of the hero and heroine. This repetitive happy ending with marriages shows the fact that she is not rebellious and that she follows morals and customs. ⇒ THE IMPORTANCE OF BE ABLE TO REFLECT: In Austen opinion strong impulses and emotional states should be regulated, controlled through private reflection. The protagonist's reflection after a crisis is a common feature of her novels. a] PRIDE AND PREJUDICE (Novel - 1813) [ PLOT ] Mr and Mrs Bennet have 5 daughters, but no direct son to give their property; FOR THIS REASON it's indeed very important to Mrs Bennet to marry her daughters with wealthy men. An opportunity shows up when Bingley and his friend Darcy take a property near their house. Bingley and Jane , the prettiest sister, meet and fall in love. There is also an attraction between Darcy and Elizabeth , even if she is offended by his arrogant behavior ; then he
⇒ Mrs. Bennet : Missis Bennet was the typical middle class woman, of little intelligence and little culture. ⇒ The only purpose of her life was to marry her daughters; She loved chatting and gossiping.
3) GOTHIC SUBVERSIONS:
- Gothic novels were originally tales of the macabre, fantastic and supernatural. - They were usually set in haunted castles, wild landscapes and ruins , - At the beginning of the 19th century they became very popular. - A typical element of Gothic fiction is the description of a terrifying setting, often ancient and isolated. - The narration is pervaded by a sense of mystery - The characters were often monsters or vampires. - The terrors of Gothic fiction can be seen as metaphorical representations of repressed unconscious desires.
One of the most famous Gothic novels is Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
3) MARY SHELLEY :
[ LIFE ]
● Mary Shelley was born (in 1797). ● She met and ran away with Percy Shelley , who married later. ● In 1818, she wrote her masterpiece, Frankenstein. The idea for the book was born while she was at Lake Geneva with George Byron and Percy Shelley. ● They moved to Italy, where two of their young children died. ⇒ Mary never fully recovered from this trauma. ● When she was still young Percy Shelley died leaving her without money so she was forced to return to England, which she despised (disprezzava) because of the conformism and social system. ● (In 1851) she died of a tumor. a] FRANKENSTEIN ( Gothic novel; published anonymously in 1818) Frankenstein begins when an arctic explorer, Robert Walton , meets the scientist Victor Frankenstein , that tells Walton his story:
- It starts when he was a brilliant student of chemistry ; Through study and experimentation, he discovers how to give life to inanimate matter and he decides to try to create a creature from parts of dead bodies.
- The result of the experiment was a horrible creature, but with supernatural strength and great intelligence, that unfortunately became lonely and rejected by society.
- The creature then asks Frankenstein to create a woman similar to him; at the beginning Victor accepts but then he changes ideas and kills the female creature before giving her life.
- The creature sees the fact and does the same for revenge , with the woman that victor married, his brother and his friend. ⇒ The creature became a murderer but the guilt/fault (colpa) is of his creator.
- At the end Victor died after telling the whole story to Walton and the monster chooses to disappear for not cause any more pain and other mistakes.
[ STYLE ]
The story was narrated by a series of letters that Walton wrote to his sister.
It's an epistolary in 3 parts , so a story within a story
- Walton’s letters to his sister
- Frankenstein’s story from his childhood to Walton
- The creature’s story to Frankenstein TWO SETTINGS :
- England (where take plays the actions)
- the North Pole (The most important setting ): it mirrors Frankenstein's and the monster's state of mind. MAIN FEATURES : ● The overcoming of natural and divine rules:
- Both Walton and Doctor Frankenstein tried to go beyond human limits against divine law and challenge the gods trying to bring the dead back to life. ⇒ The myth of PROMETHEUS : a clear example of overreacher (colui che supera i limiti). ● The monster is similar to his creator : they both suffer and have good intentions:
- The creature seems innocent but he is excluded and treated badly by a hostile society , so he decides to take revenge ⇒ The creature, as any other man and woman, is born well and innocent but it was changed by the cruelty of society.
- Victor Frankenstein, when he brought the creature to life, didn't think he was creating a murderer and causing all that evil
1 - 2) BRONTË’s SISTERS [ LIFE ] ● Charlotte (1816-1855) and Emily (1818-1848) (daughters of a clergyman) spent most of their lives in isolation, on the Yorkshire moors , in northern England. ● Their mother died early and their aunt took care of their family. ● They were self-educated ; and they read a lot of book from their father's library. ● They began to write fantasy stories about imaginary countries. ● They work as governesses, but when their aunt died she left them enough money to stop working. ● (Like many female writers of the period ) they decided to use PSEUDONYMUS , because the public would not take them seriously if they knew they were women: each of the sisters published a novel in 1847 :
- Charlotte published Jane Eyre
- Emily published Wuthering Heights. ● First Emily died of tuberculosis, later Charlotte. —-------- JANE EYRE by Charlotte –—-------- ➔ Jane is an orphan without money, who lived with her hostile aunt. ➔ Jane is then sent to a very strict school where she is treated badly. ➔ Later she started working as a governess at Thornfield Hall, where she soon falls in love with its owner, Mr Rochester. ➔ After some time Rochester proposes to her and s he agrees to marry him, but before the wedding she sees a mysterious figure (running around the house): during the celebration of their wedding she discovered that this figure is Rochester’s wife: Bertha Mason , a crazy woman 🤪 who lives on the upper floor of the house. Mr Rochester is already married !!! 👰 ➔ Rochester asks Jane to still stay with him, but Jane leaves Thornfield and goes to live at Moor House; There she meets John Rivers , a religious man who proposes to her. ➔ Jane refuses him and one night she hears Rochester's voice calling her. 🔥🔥🔥 So she returns to Thornfield Hall only to find that the house has been destroyed by a fire caused by Bertha, in which she died. 🔥🔥🔥 ➔ Rochester goes blind 👀 and loses a hand in his attempt to save his wife from the fire.🔥 ➔ At the end Jane visits him and agrees to marry him , and later they have a child.
[ SETTINGS ]
The novel takes place in 5 different locations , probably in northern England , in the 19th century. Each setting represents a new phase ofJane's life:
- her aunt's home , where Jane grows up.
- A strict school is the place of Jane's education. A sad period of her life.
- THORNFIELD is Mr Rochester's house, where Jane finds love and independence.
- Moor House
- Mr. Rochester new house is the place for a new start , where Jane finds her happiness. [ THE CHARACTERS ] ➢ JANE:
- is a heroine who tries to find her own identity. She is the victim of many struggles such as the conflicts between duty and desire.
- Jane falls in love with a man who is rich and married with a mad wife ⇒ So she is an
UNCONVENTIONAL CHARACTER, imaginative, passionate , rebellious and
independent but always looking for affection.
- She often rebels against convention , doesn't do what she's told to do, and doesn't hide her opinion.
- She refuses the marriage for convenience , because she wants an EQUAL RELATIONSHIP , with the same rights, and with love. (indeed she refuses two marriage proposal) ➢ Mr Rochester : has the qualities of a Byronic hero. A nobleman who is attracted to Jane's soul and personality. ➢ Bertha Mason: is a dangerous presence; she is described as a monster. She is marginalized by society. She represents what Jane is afraid of : psychological instability, insecurity inside the home and a desperate need of freedom from domestic routine. [ THE THEMES ] ● The theme of childhood and education are central in the novel; ● Is also central the question of the role of women ⇒
- At the beginning the only chance that Jane has is to work as a governess but
- At the end she obtains autonomy and economic independence ● Jane refuses a proposal twice because marriage is presented as a relationship between equals , NOT AS A SOCIAL COMPROMISE! ⇒ she only wanted to be loved for her values ● Charlotte criticizes the strict Victorian social class system ● The novel describes passionate love from a woman's point of view. [ STYLE ] : The story is told in the first person
- Catherine and Edgar married and lived happily at Thrushcross Grange. …… 🕐 3 years later 🕐 …… - Heathcliff returned , handsome, rich and determined to take his revenge. - Heathcliff won possession of Wuthering Heights; - and Hindley escaped with Edgar's sister, married her and treated her like a servant. - Catherine fell ill and died giving birth to a daughter, Cathy. …… 🕐 3 years later 🕐 …… - Heathcliff kidnapped Cathy and obliged her to marry his son, Linton. He became the owner of Thrushcross Grange, and his revenge was thus completed. _____________________________________________________________ At the end Linton and Heathcliff died and the ghosts of a young man and woman were seen running 🏃 together on the moors 🏕.
[ SETTINGS ]
TWO MAIN SETTINGS:
- Wuthering Heights : the house born of Hindley ; brutal in appearance, the setting of primitive passion and the place where the snowstorm 🌨 ❄ ☃ happened. ⇒ Symbol of the strong energy
- Thrushcross Grange : the home of the Lintons ; reflects a Victorian conception of middle-class life;⇒ symbol of the calm ● The setting of the Yorkshire moors is both beautiful and brutal and reflects the emotional complexity of the characters. ● Nature is often unfriendly and ungovernable. [ THE CHARACTERS ] ➢ CATHERINE :
- is beautiful and has a wild romantic nature ;
- She is a free spirit struggling between her love for Heathcliff and her social ambitions with the marriage of Edgar Linton. ➢ HEATHCLIFF :
- Heathcliff's origins are very mysterious.
- He is a sort of Byronic hero, characterized by passionate intensity , but also as a Gothic villain in his inhuman treatment of his wife and his son.
- total identification with his love, Catherine.
[ STYLE ]
★ There ISN'T A LINEAR NARRATIVE STRUCTURE : Emily Bronte uses flashbacks , the beginning in medias res , which provokes curiosity in the reader. ★ DUAL-NARRATIVE Emily used the literary technique of a dual narrative : there are 2 different perspectives from 2 different individuals, a woman and a man: ● Mr Lockwood : the male and the outsider
Is a visitor from the city ⇒ He is external from the events. He narrates what he sees 👀, and writes what Nelly tells him in the form of a diary. ● Nelly: the female and the insider Is the 2° narrator and involved in the story. BEGIN IN MEDIAS RES + use of flashbacks ⇒ Implications of multiple narrators: there are multiple interpretations, no single 'truth', the unique interpretation of the novel becomes impossible. (relativismo conoscitivo di Pirandello = NON esiste una sola verità, ma molteplici) GOTHIC ELEMENTS:
- Heathcliff as a Gothic villain in his inhuman treatment of his wife and his son.
- The atmosphere of Wuthering Heights surrounded by the wilderness (natura selvaggia).
- Catherine's ghost. [ THEMES ] ● The Gothic elements in the novel are used by the author to describe the STRUGGLE between the two opposing principles of LOVE and HATE , of ORDER and CHAOS. ● Romanticism is evident in the relation between the violent passions of the characters and the wild natural landscapes. ● Death ☠ is an important theme. It is a liberation of the spirit.
3) CHARLES DICKENS (is the most important English novelist)
[ LIFE ]
● Charles Dickens was born in England (in 1812). ● He had an unhappy childhood : his father was imprisoned for debt and he was sent to work in a blacking factory 🏭. ● His first story, Sketches by ‘Boz’, was a collection of tales that describe London people and scenes. ● Dickens started a career as a novelist :
- He managed to live thanks to what he earned from his works and produced a lot of works in a short time ;
- He also was one of the first to do paid conferences.
- (in 1837) He wrote Oliver Twist in monthly rates, in 3 years. ● He visited the United States 🌎 speaking in favor of the ABOLITION of SLAVERY and these themes are central in A Christmas Carol. ● Dicken used HIS GREAT MEMORY of people and events in his childhood to write his autobiographical novels: Oliver Twist (1838)
