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Phonetics
Characteristics of speech sounds
- Articulatory phonetics
- Acoustic phonetics
- Auditory phonetics How speech sounds are produced Sound voiceless Sound voiced Place of articulation Manner of articulation Glottals Glottal stops Front vowels Central vowels Back vowels Diphthongs Bilabials Labio-dentals Dentals Alveolars Palatals Velars Glides Liquids Nasals Affricates Stops Fricatives
Phonology
Abstract aspect
of sounds
Phonemes
Allophones
Minimal pair and sets
Phonotactics
Syllable
Consonant clusters
Coarticulation
1. Assimilation
2. Elision
Normal speech
Morphology
study of forms morphemes
- Lexical Morphemes
- Functional Morphemes bound morphemes
- Inflectional Morphemes
- Derivational Morphemes difference between inflectional and derivational morphemes Problems in morphological description historical influence Morphs Allomorphs Cat-/-s
Pragmatcs
What speakers mean when they try to communicate Speech acts Politeness Family tree Gender Gendered speech Gendered interaction Negative face Positive face Direct speech acts Indirect speech acts
Formulaic language
Communicative-pragmatic context Phraseology Idioms Collocations Chunks Infinite number of sentences Proverbs syntagmatic relationship
- Frequency-Based:
- Phraseological collocations
- Habitual collocation
- Idiosyncratic collocation figurative expressions Fraser: Moon: Mikkai:
- Unrestricted
- Reconstruction
- Extraction
- Permutation
- Insertion
- Completely frozen
- Anomalous collocations
- Formulae
- Metaphors
- Phrasal verbs
- Tournure
- Irreversible binomials
- Phrasal compounds
- Incorporating verbs
- Pseudo-idioms Lexical phrases chunks of language with fixed meaning Lexical bundles units of function
- Referential bundles
- Stance bundles
- Discourse organizers (^) set of words that contain a lesson Compounds creations of a new word combining two different words
- Closed form
- Hyphenated form
- Open form Phrasal verbs verbs combined with a preposition or particle
- Look after
- Hang out Similes comparison with word like “as” or “like”
Semantic
Study of meaning Conceptual Meaning Associative Meaning Literal meaning Subjective meaning Orthophemism Formal way Euphemism Less offensive Dysphemism Impolite expression Semantic changes language contact and technological innovations.
- Extension
- Reduction
- Semantic elevations
- Semantic degradations Semantic figures Typical structure of a phrase Semantic roles
- Agent
- Themes
- Instrument
- Experienced
- Location
- Source Frame semantic Fillmore relates linguistic semantics to encyclopedic knowledge Lexical relations the study that deals with the way in which the meanings of different words are related Lexical semantic Halliday and Sinclair do not consider lexis and grammar as two separate components of language
- Synonymy
- Antonymy
- Hyponymy
- Homonyms
- Meronimy
- Prototypes
- Polysemy
- Metonymy
- Taxonomies
- Collocation Collocations set of words that are constantly used together Strong collocations (^) Weak collocations Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationship between words that are the same parts of speech relationship a word has with other words that surround it Colligations patterns in which certain words are chosen instead of others Figures of speech words used in a sentence to substitute their literal meaning Personification figures of speech in which human qualities are given to nonhuman entities Metaphors allow us to talk about one thing in terms of another Genuine metaphors (^) Trite metaphors
- Structural metaphors
- Orientational metaphors
- Ontological metaphors
- Container metaphors Conventional metaphors Metaphors that structure the ordinary conceptual system of our culture
