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ORGANIZING TEXT
ADDING A POINT
Also It is not normally used as a connector at the beginning of a sentence in formal speech and writing. As well as followed by a noun or -ing can be used in an introductory clause. As well as this connector, referring to a previous sentence In addition Moreover, furthermore, what is more
formal connectors which emphasize that there is an additional point to be made.
Above all it adds a point, and stresses that this point is the most important one. Besides informal connector: it has the same meaning as anyway or in any case_._
CONTRAST OR CONCESSION
However connector at the beginning or end of the sentence. Note that there is always punctuation on both sides of it, ie a full stop or comma. It cannot be used to connect two clauses. although Despite (this) introduces a point which contrasts with a previous statement. Note that despite is followed by a noun or -ing form of the verb. Nevertheless, nonetheless more formal connectors referring back to the previous point: they can also come at the end of the sentence.
DEGREE
To some extent / to a certain extent
used as a way of saying 'partly'. It can come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence. In some respects / ways used as a connector limiting what comes before or after.
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
On the one hand ... ( but / while ) on the other hand
introduce contrasting points.
on the other hand Also used to introduce a contrasting paragraph On the contrary introduces a contrasting positive point after a negative statement Compared to , in comparison to / with used as an introductory phrase, or at the end of the sentence In the same way, similarly introduces a point which is similar to the previous one (But) at least used to emphasize that there is an advantage, despite a disadvantage just mentioned.
RESULTS AND REASONS
consequently, as a result (of) thus (formal) accordingly (formal) Hence explains how the words following it are explained by what has gone before. On account of, owing to same meaning as because of and are both prepositions Due to preposition with the same meaning as owing to , but which can follow be.
exceptions and alternatives
except (for) Apart from can be used to mean the same as except for It can also mean in addition to Instead (of) means that one thing replaces another. Alternatively more formal way of starting a sentence, meaning or
giving examples
For example, examples include, to take an example
all need punctuation before and after. Some birds regularly migrate over long distances. For example , swans fly several thousand kilometres .. Swans, for example, fly ... Examples include swans, which fly. To take an example , swans fly ...
eg (e.g.) abbreviation from Latin exempli gratia.
Some islands, e.g. Naxos, Milos, Santorini etc. have airports.
Such as introduces an example Many birds, such as swans, migrate over long distances As far as (subject) (be) concerned is a way of introducing a specific example.
Some birds regularly migrate over long distances. As far as swans are concerned, this can involve crossing wide expanses of water. Namely introduces a more specific reference after a general one.
Some groups of birds, namely swans, geese and ducks, tend to fly in a V-shaped formation.
making clear
In other words is used to introduce a point we want to make clearer by repeating it in a different way. to put it another way
That is to say and ie (or i.e.) are used to explain exactly what you mean: ie means that is and is an abbreviation from Latin id est.
introducing one side of an opinion
In a way, in some ways, in some respects mean 'from one point of view' and introduce one side of an opinion.
In a way , the film makes the bank-robbers seem really nice guys! In some respects , losing the job was a blessing in disguise.
describing types
A kind of, a sort of
Kind of and sort of
can describe a type of something. are also used with adjectives or verbs informally to mean rather.
An okapi is a kind of small giraffe. This is kind of interesting. It sort of worries me
SUMMARIZING
To sum up can be used to introduce a summarizing comment at the end of an argument.
To sum up , it seems clear that.
And so forth, and so on and etc. are expressions used to say there are further points we do not mention.
Growth is also influenced by weather, water supply, position, and so forth. Etc./Etc abbreviation from Latin et cetera.
