Deliberative [persuade or dissuade / future]: it’s intended to persuade people into action or dissuade them from doing or thinking something. It includes political speeches, proposals, presentations and social justice campaign.
Judicial [accuse or defend / present]: it considers whether or not something was just, legalo ethical. It’s found in people trying to justify their actions or defending themselves. It’s most common in courtrooms.
Epideictic [praise or blame / present]: it praises or blames a person for their actions or accomplishments. Typically seen as ceremonial in eulogies, letters of recommendation and nominating speeches.

Ethos : used to show the politician is reliable and trustworthy. It’s something that’s morally and ethically right to you.
Pathos : used to appeal to audience’s emotions and sentiments, it’s a persuading technique.
(^) Logos : used to appeal to the audience’s reason, logic and rationality. You can also quote facts. manifest The discourse can be poster campaign statement logical pre-scripted: The speech can be non scripted debates press conferences political talk shows The pre-scripted is closer to spoken language what pronouns are used spontaneity markers (you know, look…) direct address (you…) written to be read out loud TECHNIQUES

• Inclusive^ technique^ (nationality, religion, race, gender…)

• List the achievements of the party

• Fear^ technique : - producing threat to people

giving people your solutions after listing the consequences of something
“can’t stand idle” = non posso starmene con le mani in mano
creating suspence and anxiety in order to give solutions

• Avoid any positive attributes in opponents and highlighting^ flaws in order to make him look bad

• Deny^ flaws in one’s own person

• Pronouns : 1st and 2nd pronouns are used to bring the speaker and the audience together, the

3rd pronoun creates distance

FIGURES OF SPEECH

• metaphor : it describes something referring to something else that’s considered similar

• simile : used to compare two things (with the words “like” “as” “than”)

• metonymy : when something is not called with its name but with something associated

• synecdoche : a part of something used yo refer as a whole (wall street —>^ financial industry)

• alliteration : repetition of the same sound in words repeatedly used

• listing : listing examples, rule of three

• parallelism : similar grammar construction (what you give, what you receive)

• antithesis : contrasting ideas next to each other (hot and cold)

• repetition : word or phrase repeated

• rethorical^ questions : a question with and obvious answer

• climax : successive words in ascending order of importance

• syllogism : given 1st fact and given the 2nd one so we can say the 3rd one

POPULISM

It’s a phenomenon that emphasises the ‘idea of the people’. It’s the concept of a society divided into two antagonistic groups: the People (deprived of rights and values) and the Others (elite). Here there are some important things to pay attention to in order to mention them:

- Oral strategy to catch attention and sound informal like the people that are listening. The

politician wants to appear not far but a part of the population. Jokes are also used.

- Humor is sometimes used to highlight something the other said

- Trying to shift the focus changing the subject and maybe accusing the opponent

- It’s important to admit mistakes and take responsibilities : this will be noticed and appreciated

by the audience

- Patriotism

- Fast talk (to defend myself ) or slow talk (to attack the opponent)

- Short or long sentences

- Respectful or offensive language

- Identity is really important in politic

- Saying numbers to look like you know what you’re talking about

- Explain the intent of a speech and the consequences of the political choices

- Talking in circle

- Giving misleading informations to create doubts on the opponent’s politics

ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL TWEETS

You have to pay attention to:

Political Discourse: Rhetoric, Techniques, and Populism - Prof. Romanzi, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

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POLITICAL DISCOURSE