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Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide - Prof. Zurru, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

Università degli Studi di Genova (UNIGE)Lingua Inglese
Prof. Elisabetta Zurru

riassunto Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis _ Journal of Education and practice

Tipologia: Schemi e mappe concettuali

2018/2019

Caricato il 09/09/2019

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Pragmatics and discourse analysis are closely interrelated
Both share interest in those aspects of language that are context-dependent.
There are two types of pragmatics’ analysis : !
- micropragmatics (pragmatics of utterance) concentrates on investigating speech acts as the
fundamental units of Analysis
- macropragmatics (pragmatics of discourse) investigates how speech acts can combine into larger
units
PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics is a branch of semiotics.!
- syntax is concerned with the formal relations among signs!
- semantics is interested in the relations between signs and the objects they signify!
- pragmatics investigates the relations between signs and their users
It can be said that pragmatic analyses are more concerned with what people convey through using
certain utterances than with what the words in those utterances may mean in isolation.
In pragmatics, meaning is dynamically created in the course of employing language.
Pragmatics is concerned with those facets of meaning that are context-variable.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry
A discourse analyst investigates of what language is utilized for.
The discourse analyst needs to take a pragmatic perspective when doing discourse analysis. !
He has to take into consideration the context in which a fragmentary discourse appears.
As for the structure of discourse, it is possible to distinguish between local and global structures. !
Local one has to do with the individual speech acts and their connectedness, !
global one relates to the series of speech acts as a whole.
PRAGMATICS VS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Both investigate context, text and function. !
Both fields concentrate on the significance of words in communication and how interlocutors
convey more than the words they utilized.
Pragmatics exerts more effort to the identification of the speaker’s intention
Whereas discourse analysts focus on the elucidation of the implied components within the language
without considering anything external, !
pragmatics utilizes diverse domains of human affairs to appropriately interpret utterances.
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Pragmatics and discourse analysis are closely interrelated Both share interest in those aspects of language that are context-dependent. There are two types of pragmatics’ analysis :

  • micropragmatics (pragmatics of utterance) concentrates on investigating speech acts as the fundamental units of Analysis
  • macropragmatics (pragmatics of discourse) investigates how speech acts can combine into larger units PRAGMATICS Pragmatics is a branch of semiotics.
  • syntax is concerned with the formal relations among signs
  • semantics is interested in the relations between signs and the objects they signify
  • pragmatics investigates the relations between signs and their users It can be said that pragmatic analyses are more concerned with what people convey through using certain utterances than with what the words in those utterances may mean in isolation. In pragmatics, meaning is dynamically created in the course of employing language. Pragmatics is concerned with those facets of meaning that are context-variable. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry A discourse analyst investigates of what language is utilized for. The discourse analyst needs to take a pragmatic perspective when doing discourse analysis. He has to take into consideration the context in which a fragmentary discourse appears. As for the structure of discourse, it is possible to distinguish between local and global structures. Local one has to do with the individual speech acts and their connectedness, global one relates to the series of speech acts as a whole. PRAGMATICS VS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Both investigate context, text and function. Both fields concentrate on the significance of words in communication and how interlocutors convey more than the words they utilized. Pragmatics exerts more effort to the identification of the speaker’s intention Whereas discourse analysts focus on the elucidation of the implied components within the language without considering anything external, pragmatics utilizes diverse domains of human affairs to appropriately interpret utterances.

C ontext and intention are vital to pragmatics. In discourse analysis, context refers to something static in nature and external to the speaker, in pragmatics it signifies something personal and dynamic Grice distinguished two notions of meaning

  • speaker’s meaning, that is a reconstruction of the speaker’s intention
  • sentence meaning, that is the semantic representation of the grammar allocated to a sentence CONTEXT VS CO-TEXT Context of an utterance signifies a source of information that assists the hearer in finding out what the speaker wishes to express. It performs crucial functions that help interactants in interpreting utterances. Various types of context can be identified: co-text and physical context
  • co-text of a certain word refers to all other words that occur within the very phrase or sentence, it has a powerful influence on working out the meaning of a particular word
  • physical context in which words are embedded, the physical location guides the interpretation of meaning It can be said that pragmatics is concerned with the physical context whereas discourse analysis has more to do with the co-text. DISCOURSE PRAGMATICS Discourse pragmatics concentrates on speech acts such as assertions, promises, questions, congratulations. It focuses on how such social acts are performed by language users There are two versions of discourse pragmatics
  • interactional : a cognitive, social and cultural approach to linguistic phenomena
  • intercultural : is a phenomenon interactionally and socially bonded and also depends on identifiable cultural models and norms representing speech communities to which interlocutors belong. TRENDS IN PRAGMATICS Pragmatics has looked for meaning elements inside and outside the utterance. Three different approaches to pragmatics have emerged:
  • pragma-semantics : it concentrates on the construction of meaning through cognitive and formal models
  • pragma-dialogue : endeavors to attract attention to the dialogic nature of interaction through stressing the idea that interactants are actors who both act and react
  • pragma-discourse : the crucial difference between pragmatics proper and discourse is that whereas the former concentrates on individual utterances in context, the latter focuses on an organized set of utterance

Successful reference requires recognition of the significance of inference. Inference refers to supplementary information resorted to by the hearer in order to establish a link between what is expressed and what is left implicit. POLITENESS is an area of pragmatics, is the reflection of respect of the interlocutor’s face. Politeness can be considered as an extension of the cooperative principle. For Leech, some verbal acts are inherently impolite, while others are inherently polite. IMPOLITENESS Is the opposite of politeness, whose goal is to attack one’s interlocutor and cause disharmony. Politeness and impoliteness are judgements regarding linguistic phenomena PRAGMATICS AND ARGUMENTATIVE DISCOURSE Argumentation determines the political, legal and advertising discourse genera. “Argumentation is a verbal, social, and rational activity aimed at convincing a reasonable critic of the acceptability of a standpoint by putting forward a constellation of propositions justifying or refuting the proposition expressed in the standpoint.” Consisting of elementary speech acts belonging to the category of assertives. From speech act perspective, the illocutionary act complex of argumentation is intended to convince or persuade the listener of the acceptability of the speaker’s opinion. CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Critical discourse analysis refers to an approach that investigates the relation which holds between discoursal events and sociopolitical and cultural elements particularly the manner in which discourse is ideologically affected by power and ties in society. This approach to discourse is critical because it questions the legitimacy of ideas and presumptions that have been taken for granted

CONVERSATIONAL implicatures is a subclass of nonconventional implicatures Our talk exchanges are characteristically cooperative efforts; and each participant recognizes in them a common purpose. This purpose or direction may be fixed from the start or it may evolve during the exchange. SOME possible conversational moves would be excluded as conversationally unsuitable (= inadatte). We might then formulate a general principle which participants will be expected to observe. That is called COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE Echoing Kant, one may perhaps distinguish four categories: Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. The category of QUANTITY relates to the quantity of information to be provided, and under it fall the following maxims:

  1. Make your contribution as informative as is required
  2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Overinformativeness may be confusing Under the category of QUALITY falls a supermaxim – ‘Try to make your contribution one that is true’ – and two more specific maxims:
  3. Do not say what you believe to be false.
  4. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Under the category of RELATION I place a single maxim, namely, ‘Be relevant.’ Under the category of MANNER, relating to HOW what is said is to be said, I include the supermaxim – ‘Be perspicuous’ – and various maxims such as:
  5. Avoid obscurity of expression.
  6. Avoid ambiguity.
  7. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
    1. Be orderly. There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as ‘Be polite’, that are also normally observed by participants in talk exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures. A partecipant in a talk exchange may fail to fulfill a maxim
  • violating a maxim, so he will be liable of mislead
  • be unwilling to cooperate in the way maxim requires
  • be faced by a clash : for example, he may be unable to fulfill the 1° maxim without violating the 2°
  • flout a maxim, blatantly fail to fulfill