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Speech Acts and Linguistic Formation: Phonetics, Morphemes, and Figures of Speech - Prof. , Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa (UNISOB)Lingua Inglese
Prof. Jessica Schena

An in-depth exploration of speech acts and linguistic formation, focusing on phonetics, morphemes, and figures of speech. various aspects of word and phrase formation, including phonetics, morpheme types (free and bound), synonyms, euphemisms, and antonyms. It also introduces speech act theory and its three components: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.

Tipologia: Appunti

2020/2021

Caricato il 15/04/2021

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prof. Mrs Emily Di martino
linguistic
FORMULAIC LANGUAGE = is process language of words and grammar formation.
- at word level :
A) PHONETICS.
= is the study at the Speech of Sounds (Productions) in different areas linguistic:
1. first step: describe The Sounds (Productions) in different stage to:
- (distinction) and (position) linguistic in :
↓
●VOICED - VOICELESS SOUNDS =
●BILABIALS - LABIODENTALS - DENTALS - ALVEOLAR - PALATALS - VELARS -
GLOTTALS SOUNDS.
and producing :
- dipthongs ( vowel + consonant ) or word formation in the lexical relation for :
➔ETYMOLOGY = the study of an old word
➔(COINAGE) = the study of a basic word
➔BORROWING = the study of a calque word
➔COMPOUNDING = the study of a composition word
➔BLENDING = the study of a combination word
➔CLIPPING = the study of a fanatic word
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prof. Mrs Emily Di martino linguistic

FORMULAIC LANGUAGE = is process language of words and grammar formation.

  • at word level :

A) PHONETICS.

= is the study at the Speech of Sounds (Productions) in different areas linguistic:

  1. first step: describe The Sounds (Productions) in different stage to:
    • (distinction) and (position) linguistic in : ↓ ● VOICED - VOICELESS SOUNDS = ● BILABIALS - LABIODENTALS - DENTALS - ALVEOLAR - PALATALS - VELARS - GLOTTALS SOUNDS. and producing :
  • dipthongs ( vowel + consonant ) or word formation in the lexical relation for : ➔ ETYMOLOGY = the study of an old word ➔ (COINAGE) = the study of a basic word ➔ BORROWING = the study of a calque word ➔ COMPOUNDING = the study of a composition word ➔ BLENDING = the study of a combination word ➔ CLIPPING = the study of a fanatic word

➔ CONVERSION = the study of derivation word among phrasal verbs and expression ➔ HYPOCORSISM = the study of a innovative word ➔ BACK FORMATION = the study of a reduction word

Introduce: at phrases level or phrasal verbs To conversion and derivation in the linguistic on second step = describe the word formation in (functional SHIFT) or (affixes) in the “morphological description”, it describe the ( inflectional ) morphemes in category grammatical : ❖ ( morphy \ allomorphs ) ❖ ( prefixes\suffixes\infixes ) = (comparative\superlative\incorporated) in the lexical relation: For ex. : (cat + s) or (bus + es). plural For ex. : (un + comfortable) pre For ex. : ||(dis-respect-ful)|| - (good + ness) - (bad + ness) suf For ex. : ( Halle + bloody + lujah ) inf To compounding or composition at the phrases level in multiple processes describe phrasal expression in the word formation. For example : NATO!

A. SEMANTICS : describe the basic words process in :

➔ denotation (meanings) = is the direct meaning of words →→ ex. definition. basic. ➔ conotation (meanings) = is the indirect meaning of words →→ ex. idea.

Likely → unlikely. Able → unable. Fortunate → unfortunate.

In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance defined in terms of a speaker's

intention and the effect it has on a listener. Essentially, it is the action that the

speaker hopes to provoke in his or her audience. Speech acts might be requests,

warnings, promises, apologies, greetings, or any number of declarations. As you

might imagine, speech acts are an important part of communication.

Speech-Act Theory

Speech-act theory is a subfield of pragmatics. This area of study is concerned with

the ways in which words can be used not only to present information but also to

carry out actions. It is used in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, legal and

literary theories, and even the development of artificial intelligence.

Speech-act theory was introduced in 1975 by Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin in

"How to Do Things With Words" and further developed by American philosopher

J.R. Searle. It considers three levels or components of utterances: locutionary acts

(the making of a meaningful statement, saying something that a hearer

understands), illocutionary acts (saying something with a purpose, such as to

inform), and perlocutionary acts (saying something that causes someone to act).

Illocutionary speech acts can also be broken down into different families, grouped

together by their intent of usage.

Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts

To determine which way a speech act is to be interpreted, one must first

determine the type of act being performed. Locutionary acts are, according to

Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seay's "Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics,"

"the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain

meaning and reference." So this is merely an umbrella term, as illocutionary and

perlocutionary acts can occur simultaneously when locution of a statement

happens.

Illocutionary acts, then, carry a directive for the audience. It might be a promise,

an order, an apology, or an expression of thanks—or merely an answer to a

question, to inform the other person in the conversation. These express a certain

attitude and carry with their statements a certain illocutionary force, which can

be broken into families.

Expositives, which explain how our language interacts with itself

David Crystal, too, argues for these categories in "Dictionary of Linguistics." He

lists several proposed categories, including " directives (speakers try to get their

listeners to do something, e.g. begging, commanding, requesting), commissives

(speakers commit themselves to a future course of action, e.g. promising,

guaranteeing), expressives (speakers express their feelings, e.g. apologizing,

welcoming, sympathizing), declarations (the speaker's utterance brings about a

new external situation, e.g. christening, marrying, resigning)."

It is important to note that these are not the only categories of speech acts, and

they are not perfect nor exclusive. Kirsten Malmkjaer points out in "Speech-Act

Theory," "There are many marginal cases, and many instances of overlap, and a

very large body of research exists as a result of people's efforts to arrive at more

precise classifications."

Still, these five commonly accepted categories do a good job of describing the

breadth of human expression, at least when it comes to illocutionary acts in

speech theory.