spiegazione present perfect e past simple, Dispense di Lingua Inglese

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PRESENT

PERFECT

VS. SIMPLE PAST

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

I’ve been to London. (present perfect) I went to London last week. (simple past)

WHEN DO WE USE SIMPLE PAST?

1. Actions that are not connected with present. The Titanic sank in 1912.
2. Actions in the past that are chronologically ordered. He came in, sat on the sofa and started waiting.
3. Repeated actions in the past (= used to). I took English courses when I was twelve (= I used to take English courses).
4. When after talking about general experience we give details (when we have to be SPECIFIC and answer questions like WHEN? WHERE? WHY? HOW?). I’ve been to London this month. I stayed in a big hotel. I visited Trafalgar Square and bought some souvenirs.

WHEN DO WE USE PRESENT

PERFECT?

1. When we talk about GENERAL EXPERIENCE without giving specific information (we don’t have to know WHEN you did something, we want to know IF you did it or not). Tarantino has directed lots of blockbusters. (BUT: Tarantino directed “Kill Bill” in 2003). I have never seen the Eiffel Tower. (BUT: I didn’t see the Eiffel Tower when I was in France). Jack has written a script. (BUT: He wrote the script last week).

WHEN DO WE USE PRESENT

PERFECT?

3. When we want to express an unfinished period of time (that started in the past but continues now ). I have taken three tests this semester (this semester is not finished, it’s still going on). Helen has been to London once in her life (her life is not finished, it’s still going on). My grandparents have seen “Hamlet” this week (this week is not finished, it’s still going on).

HOW DO WE MAKE PRESENT

PERFECT FORM?

Affirmative sentences: Subject Auxiliary Verb Past Participle I You We They have seen He She It has seen

HOW DO WE MAKE PRESENT

PERFECT FORM?

Interrogative sentences: Yes, I have. No, we haven’t. Yes, he has. No, she hasn’t. Auxiliary Verb Subject Past Participle Have I you we they seen? Has he she it seen?

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF VERBS

see go cut eat work catch leave arrive feed make bring give drink do buy teach

LET’S PRACTICE A LITTLE!

1. I ……… (see) that film before.
2. We ………. (read) three English books in class.
3. My mother ……….. (be) to London twice this year.
4. John ………… (borrow) four CDs from me.
5. The children ………… (eat) breakfast.
6. You ………… (drink) all the coffee.
7. Be quiet! The film ………….. (start).

LET’S PRACTICE A LITTLE!

1. I have seen that film before.
2. We have read three English books in class.
3. My mother has been to London twice this year.
4. John has borrowed four CDs from me.
5. The children have eaten breakfast.
6. You have drunk all the coffee.
7. Be quiet! The film has started.