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TESTI INGLESE ESAME ORALE:
ARTS: The Mona Lisa 1: The Mona Lisa also known as La Gioconda, is one of the most famous work of the visual arts. Based on the biography of Leonardo Da Vinci, many historians believe the painting to be a portrait of Madam Lisa Giocondo, that is from Vasari. There are many theories, but the panel is unsigned, undated and is known that Leonardo worked the painting for over four years. Some speculate that the Mona Lisa may be a portrait of Isabelle of Este, who reigned at Mantua during Leonardo's stay there. The painting is painted in oil, on a poplar wooden panel. The subject is simply dressed, her face emerges from darkly shadowed areas, and she has a slight smile. The background have two-storied structure: below there is a human landscape, above there is a frosty region. The artist's desire was to elaborate the composition and enhance the beauty of the figure. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Amateur: dilettante Background: sfondo Blurred: indistinto, sfocato Feature: caratteristica Forbidding: ostile Frosty: glaciale Gauze: mussolina Goal: meta Greenery: vegetazione Jagged spires: vette seghettate Landscape: paesaggio Patron: mecenate Perspective: prospettiva Pilgrimage: pellegrinaggio Poplar: pioppo Reddish: rossiccio Self-portrait: autoritratto Slight: leggero Sitter: modella To be in drag: travestito To enhance: esaltare To recede: perdersi To span: attraversare To wind: snodarsi Two-storied: a due livelli Vanishing point: punto di fuga Welcoming: accogliente Womanhood: femminilità
ARTS: The Mona Lisa 2: The Mona Lisa revolutionised painting. The pose broke tradition when portraits were full length, and the pose was immediately imitated and became fashionable for portraiture. Leonardo displayed in this work a mastery of technique, he explains colour perspective, demonstrated in the background of the Mona Lisa. The objects behind the subject are painted in warm tones, as the landscape recedes they became progressively dark. The sfumato technique, is light and shade created through brushwork that allows one form to blend in with another leaving something to the imagination. He did this in Mona Lisa's mouth and eyes, which explain why she may look different at different times. The Mona Lisa's smile matches contemporary views on feminine charm, the beauty was taken to be an expression of virtue, and external beauty was only an embellishment. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Blend in: sfumare Brushwork: tocco di pennello Charm: fascino Embellishment: abbellimento Fashionable: alla moda Full length: figura intera Gradation: sfumatura Lap: grembo Layer: strato Mastery: padronanza Pose: posa Portraiture: ritrattistica To display: dimostrare To heighten: aumentare Twilight: crepuscolo Vividness: realismo Warm: caldo Waist-up: dalla vita in su RESTORATION: Windsor castle: Windsor Castle is an official residence of The Queen and the largest occupied castle in the world. It is a royal palace and fortress for over 900 years. They are furnished with treasures from the Royal Collection including paintings or sculpture. There are many attractions for example: Drawings Gallery, St. George Chapel that is the burial place of ten sovereigns, and is also a setting for royal weddings. Nearby on the Windsor Estate is Frogmore House, a residence with strong associations of three queens: Charlotte, Victoria and Mary. On 1992 (one thousand nine hundred ninety two) a fire broke out in the Castle, when a spotlight came into contact with a curtain, and it took 15 hours to turn it off. The next five years were spent restoring it, and the work was divided into four phases. Five of the rooms were re instated as they were before the fire, in the remaining including the Private Chapel, and other part of St George's Hall, the new designs had a best architecture. After five years Windsor Castle was completed at a very high cost, where the seventy per cent of it was raised from opening the Buckingham Palace State Rooms to visitors, and the other thirty per cent was funding from English Parliament. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Armour: armature
MANUSCRIPT AND MAPS: Illumination in the late middle age: Prior to the invention of the printing press, the process of producing and multiplying copies of books was manual. The two phases of writing and illuminating were preceded by the preparation of the parchment, the cutting of the sheet into double leaves, joining the quires together within a protective cover or binding. At the top of the hierarchy, there was the illuminator- illustrator, they enjoyed little freedom, they were most often dictated by written depiction of instruction, and the time depended on the size of the cycle of illustrations. The social status of illuminators in the late Middle Ages was variable, most were humble, some were independent, and they enjoyed secure, stable employment. To this elite group belonged such artists as Jean Le Noir. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Binding: legatura Blank: in bianco Border: contorno Craftsman: artigiano Depiction: rappresentazione Drypoint: puntasecca Frame: cornice Illumination: miniature Humble: povero Layout: impostazione, impaginazione Leaves: fogli Lead-point: stilo con punta di piombo Parchment: pergamena Pen-flourishing: decorazione a penna Printing press: torchio a stampa Quire: fascicolo Rank: posizione Renowned: rinomato Scribe: copista Sheet: foglio Sketch: schizzo To carry out: eseguire To fold: piegare To rule: tracciare righe
MUSEUMS: The British museum : The British Museum is Located in the Bloomsbury area of London and the location of a national collection of science and art treasures. The British Museum’s mandate is "to illuminate the histories of cultures for the benefit of present and future generations". It tells the story of many cultures such as those of: Africa, Asia, Rome or Britain. One of the highlights of the pre-historic era is the preserved body of Lindow Man. Inside the museum there are a lot of prints, a large reference library, and a coin collection. In the European collections we find: gold, jewels or glass; in Greek collections sculptures and Parthenon in Athens. We find also the largest collection of Egyptian artefacts for example coins or jewellery, and the Rosetta Stone the most famous, that is a basalt slab with texts in hieroglyphic. The Department of Oriental Antiquities also houses Sculpture from India, Chinese porcelain and tiles, Vietnamese ceramics, Japanese armour and metalwork. The admission is free. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Basalt: basalto Bonus: cosa gradita Borrow: tumulo Demotic: demotico Domed: a cupola Exhibit: oggetto esposto Flagon: caraffa, brocca Frieze: fregio, fascia ornamentale In stages: in più fasi Gallery: sala Glassed-in: chiuso con struttura vetrata Mandate: missione Mankind: l’umanità Metope: metope Pediment: frontone Reference library: biblioteca di consultazione Seabed: fondale marino Slab: lastra Textiles: tessuti To boast: vantare To highlight: mettere in evidenza MUSEUMS: The new museum: The new museum is a permanent non-profit institution, open to the public, which does research on the material evidence of man and his environment, displays it for the purpose of study, and communicates education and enjoyment. The new museum wants to make a concrete contribution to coping with everyday life by pointing out problems and possible solutions. In order to preserve independence, the new museum's budget depends, on the resources of the region. Another central aspect of these "new museums" is the importance accorded to the ecological perspective, and through the use of audiovisual materials and real or reconstructed environments, objects are represented in context and make social references. The new museum, is the counterpart of the traditional museum, there are an absolute respect for sciences and disciplines, subordination of the public and its needs to the performance of the museum's other functions. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example ....
MUSEUMS: Victoria and Albert: The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the world’s largest museum of decorative arts, and was named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Victoria & Albert Museum is split into four Collections departments. The collection of Japanese art and design is one of the largest in Britain, and includes ceramics, woodwork, sculpture. The collection of ukiyo-e is one of the largest and finest in the world, Ukiyo-e means images of everyday Japan, mass-produced for popular consumption in the Edo period. Popular themes include famous beauties, actors and landscapes, stories. The art of ukiyo-e is most frequently associated with colour woodblock prints. The earliest prints were black and white taken from a single block, and coloured by hand. In the years after, additional woodblocks were used to print the colours, but only after, were used multiple colour woodblocks, prints known as nishiki-e. Prints could be produced cheaply (a buon mercato)and in large numbers, while only the rich people could afford paintings by the artists of the day. Ukiyo-e prints were enjoyed by a much wider audience. The subjects in these prints reflect the interests and aspirations of the people who bought them. The translation (traduzione) of ukiyo-e, refers to the licensed brothel (bordello)and theatre districts of Japan’s major cities, during the Edo period. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Afford: permettersi Bronze Charcoal (carbone) Clay (argilla) Cotton Finest: più bella Gold Lace (pizzo) Marble (marmo) Needlework (cucito) Oils Tapestry (arazzo) Silk (seta) Split into: diviso in Wallpaper (sfondo) Wool (lana) Wood Weapons: Dagger (pugnale), arrow (freccia), spear (lancia) Woodblock = un pezzo di legno su cui viene tagliato un motivo che viene utilizzato per la stampa Woodcarving: Scultura in legno Woodcut = un'immagine stampata che è stata tagliata sulla superficie di un blocco di legno, Woodwork - 1. fare oggetti in legno; 2. la parte in legno di un edificio. SOCIAL HISTORY: The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (1844): The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, is an social history of the period, write by Charles Dickens. It recounts the social theme and its relations to society. Especially in the analysed dialogue, there is a man in a local that order foods and drink. Blurb instead, is an introduction of the book, that contains eulogy about the writer and the work, and it should make distinctive the text.
Blurb and advertiments: This volume testifies Margaret Atwood’s voice. Each of the fourteen stories is full of feelings, and illuminates the interior of a woman’s mind. Here men and women communicated badly, remained separated in different rooms, houses, or worlds. The stories reveal the complexities of human relationships, bring to life characters who evoking terror, compassion or recognition, and demonstrate why Margaret Atwood is one of the most important writers in English today. Persuasive technique: no sentence (frasi) with ‘therefore’, ‘because’ Repetitions: still.. Still.. Different … different Juxtaposition (giusta posizione): ‘terror and laughter’, ‘compassion and recognition’ Language: spoken language. We can find grammar mistake (mossel of cheese (mussel), it bein’ considered wakeful by the doctors(being)), slang words (as a cow cumber in the ‘ouse, I’m rather partial to ‘em), old terms that are not use today anymore(be such: sii tale, shilling’s worth: vale lo scellino, allowance: indennità). Dickens was very good on portrait the different characters and every character has a different way of spooking, for social class or geographic area. Dickens put into action some rhetorical strategies, he chose the words according to the characters he portraits, to wakes the story realistic, because the purpose of the text is to entertain. HISTORIC AND GEOGRAPHY: Fra Mauro’s Mappamundi: Is a large circular planisphere, drawn on parchment and mounted on wood in a square frame, is preserved in Venice. The map was described and reproduced for the first time by Placido Zurla in Il Mappamondo di Fra Mauro Camaldolese. The first entry relating to Fra Mauro was in connection with his map for the district of Istria; and after he was known to be at work on a mappamundi. In the years after, he worked for King Alfonso fifth of Portugal, Fra Mauro and his assistant, construct a world map, however for some reason has not survived. He died during the following year while working on a copy destined for the Seignory of Venice. In general, Mauro stands by contemporary ideas, he shows that all of the continents as being surrounded on all sides by the great ocean. The circular form of the map was his way of depicting a sphere, however, he had not been able to arrive at the size of the globe, and did not have a very accurate conception of proportion of the earth in his map. We understand it, it is addressed to the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, it is written in the third person. The lexicon used is quite simple, but there are also technical words for example .... Atlas: atlante Compass rose: rosa dei venti Depicting: rappresentare Decade: decennio Definitely: certamente Draftsman: disegnatore tecnico Entry: menzione, registrazione, voce Extant: ancora esistente Fresh from: appena arrivata Legend: leggenda Likelihood: probabilità Loxodrome: lossodromia Parchment: pergamena Patron: mecenate Portolan charts: portolani Square frame: cornice quadrata To grant: conferire To some extent: in qualche misura To stand by: tenere fede a
Slaughter: strage Startling: sorprendente Timber: legname The dark ages: l’alto medioevo To butcher: macellare To flourish: fiorire To lie: situato, localizzato Walled area: area murata Weaving: tessitura Whatever: qualunque Text analysis: What is it about? (di che cosa si tratta) Do we understand it? (lo capiamo) Is it the way we expect it to be? (come ci aspettiamo che sia) To whon is it addressed? (a chi si rivolge) What words are used? (quali parole sono usate). Are words simple? Difficult? Long/short? Technical? Colloquial? Fomal? Structure: How is the text structured? (com'è strutturato il testo). Is it written in the first person? (I, we). Is it a 3rd person point of view? Is there a dialogue? Monologue? Long? Short?. Are there any digressions? Interruptions? Paragraphs (i paragrafi) What is in each paragraph? (cosa c'è in ogni paragrafo). Is it a detailed description? Lexicon used – is it specialised? (lessico usato, è specializzato). Use of dialect? Standard? Slang? Semantic fields? (campi semantici) Which are the topics? (quali sono gli argomenti) Grammar cohesion: Through conjunction: Bond arrived and sat down (attraverso la congiunzione) Verb tense (tempo verbale). Present simple (I study English), present continuous (it is raining), present perfect (I have lived), present perfect continuous (she has benne working), past simple (I discovered America), past continuous (I was talking), past perfect (the movie had already started), future will (I will call), future going to (I am going to have), future perfect (I will have written), primo condizionale (If + present simple, will + verb), secondo condizionale (If + past simple, would + verb), terzo condizionale (If + past perfect, would have + past participle (had + terza colonna)) Superlatives, comparatives…. (superlativi, comparativi)
