Kachru’s Cirles
InnerNorm-providing
ExpandingNorm-dependent
OuterNorm-developing
‘Indianization of English’
Shneider’s Dynamic Model
Foundation Introduction of English to a new territory
Language contact between English and indigenous language
Contact between different dialects of English of the settlers,
which results in a new stable dialect: KOINE’
Exonormative Stabilization
Settlers become to stabilise politically under British rule.
Although colloquial english is a koine, English become an
asset.
Nativisation Indigenous strand has stabilised L2 system, acceptance of new
identity
Endonormative Stabilization
Gradual acceptance of local norms. Settlers and indigenous
bound in a sense of nationhood independent of Britain.
National dictionaries and literacy creativity start to flourish
Differentiation The koine starts to show differentiation
Streven’s World Map of English
The oldest map of the spread of English is Strevens’s world
map of English. His world map, even predating that of
Kachru’s three circles, showed that since American English
became a separate variety from British English, all subsequent
Englishes have had affinities with either one or the other.
Yano
Acrolect Standard used for international communication and for formal
international interaction
Basilect Colloquial language used for informal international
communication
Standard Language
Selection A variety is chosen over other varieties
Codification Once selected the standard, it must be fixed in vocabulary and
grammar
Elaboration of Function
Any gaps is filled with new words, in order to be used in
different fields: literature, science, law and government,
education
Acceptance Formalisation of the language, in order to create a sort of
independence
English as Lingua Franca Features:
No use of 3rd person singular
Who and which interchangable
Plural of uncountable nouns
Main Aim: INTELLIGIBILITY
McArthur
Wheel Model
Central circleWorld Standard EnglishWritten international English
Second CircleRegional standards emerging: ENL, ESL, EFL
Third circleLocalised varieties: pidgins, creoles and L2 Englishes
Mondiano
Model of English
The center
Users of English as an International Language, with features
comprehensible to the majority of native
Second CircleSpeakers functioning well both native and non-native
Third CircleLearners of English, low proficiency
Outside CircleThose who don’t speak English
Gorlach’s Circle Model
Circle ModelSimilar to Mondiano’s
CentreInternational Language
Second CircleRegional Standard (African, Caribbean, US)
Third CircleSub-regional standard (Indian, Irish, Kenya)
Outside CircleNon-standard English (Pidgin, Creole, Jamaican)
Vocabulary
EFLEnglish as a foreign language
ESLEnglish as a Second Language
ELFEnglish as lingua franca
EILEnglish as an international language
ENLEnglish Native Language
MESMonolingual english speaker
BESBilingual English Speaker
NBESNon-bilingual English Speaker
World Englishes
