Scarica inglese the muscular system stampa e più Dispense in PDF di Medicina Dello Sport solo su Docsity! The Muscular System 1 Thomas Secrest The Muscular System This Page Last Updated On Saturday, 21 March 2009 As with other units, it is important to use the activities in this unit as a basis for discussion and conversation. You are encouraged to work with your colleagues on aspects of the unit. Note on vocabulary: Throughout the unit, useful vocabulary words, both technical and non-technical have been placed in BOLD print. As you work through the unit, make sure that you take time to look-up or, better yet, discuss with a colleague the meaning of these terms. The Muscular System 2 Thomas Secrest Reading When people talk about the muscular system they are most often talking about skeletal muscles. It is important to recognize that the skeletal muscles are only one part of the hierarchy of the muscular system. The body is composed of four primary tissue types: (1) epithelial tissue, (2) connective tissue, (3) nerve tissue and (4) muscle tissue. Each has its own unique features that distinguish it from the other tissues. Tissues come together, both structurally and functionally to form organs. Organs that have related functions are grouped together and described as an organ system. Muscle tissue is distinguished and characterized by: (1) contractility, (2) elasticity, (3) excitability and (4) extensibility. Muscle tissue is subdivided into three categories (1) skeletal muscle tissue, (2) cardiac muscle tissue and (3) smooth muscle tissue, based on its cellular structure and biochemistry. Additionally muscle tissue is sometimes described as striated or non- striated muscle tissue or voluntary or involuntary muscle tissue. Each of these categories has additional distinguishing features which relate to its function within the body. The organs referred to as (skeletal) muscles, like other organs, consist of all four primary tissue types, however muscle tissue, and in particular skeletal muscle tissue, predominates in these organs. When we speak of the muscular system we are usually speaking about the collection of skeletal muscles in the body and the specialized connective tissue elements, tendons, which connect muscles to bones. Most textbook authors rarely concede an exact number of muscles in the human body. Depending on the book you are using the number is usually stated as either less than 700 or more than 700. It is probably safe to say the number is around 700. The collective functions of muscular system can be summarized as follows: (1) movement, (2) support, (3) form sphincters at body entrances and exits, (4) posture, (5) and temperature homeostasis; with each muscle contributing, in varying degrees, to these functions. Like the skeletal system, there is some logic to subdividing the muscular system in the axial muscle and appendicular muscles. Check Point – Work with a partner and discuss and decide on the best classification for the muscles identified by the letters and numbers on the muscle figures. Axial: Appendicular: Categorization of Muscle Tissue Striated Non-striated Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac and Skeletal Smooth Skeletal Cardiac and Smooth The Muscular System 5 Thomas Secrest Reading Muscles in Motion Muscles are named based on several criteria. They can be named based on (1) the shape of the muscle, (2) special feature of the size of the muscle, (3) the location of the muscle in the body, (4) origin of the muscle, (5) orientation of muscle relative to axis of the body and (6) action of the muscle. Frequently when a muscle name has more than one part it is because the muscles name is based on more than one criterion i.e. Rectus (orientation) abdominis (location). In English, muscle names are often Americanized Latin. Check Point – Comprehension Instructions: work with a partner and match the muscle with its criterion or criteria. More than one blank indicates more than one criterion. Muscle Name Criteria for Naming 1. Tibialis anterior _____ _____ 2. Gluteus medius _____ _____ 3. Deltoid _____ 4. Pectorialis major _____ _____ 5. Rectus femoris _____ _____ 6. Triceps brachii _____ _____ 7. Trapezius _____ 8. Frontalis _____ 9. Flexor carpi ulnaris _____ _____ _____ 10. Vastus medialis _____ _____ A. the shape of the muscle B. special feature of the size of the muscle C. the location of the muscle in the body D. origin of the muscle E. orientation of muscle relative to axis of the body F. action of the muscle Instructions: Work with a partner and match the muscle actions in column A with the general descriptions in column B. Discuss the meanings of the words in bold print and create your own sentences using these words. A B 1. Abduction _____ 2. Adduction _____ 3. Extension _____ 4. Flexion _____ 5. Rotation _____ 6. Pronation _____ 7. Supination _____ A. Bending over at the waist to pick up something from the floor. (vertebral column) B. Turing your head from left to right to say “no.” (vertebral column) C. Bringing your hand up to rub your eye. (elbow) D. Lifting a bag of groceries out from your side. (shoulder) E. Turing a knob on a radio counter clockwise. (wrist) F. Pushing a door open. (elbow) G. Turing a knob on a radio clockwise. (wrist) The Muscular System 6 Thomas Secrest Check Point – Muscles in Action Instructions: Work with a partner and examine the four pictures and then decide which of the descriptions below match what is seen in the pictures. Discuss with your partner the exact meaning of the words in bold print. Number 1 has been done as an example. Muscle Actions A B C D 1. Elbows fully extended. A, B, C (not D) 2. Knees flexed. 3. Spine extended. 4. Neck rotated. 5. Digits of the hand extended. 6. Knees flexed. 7. Spine flexed anteriorly. 8. Wrists hyper-extended. 9. Neck partially hyper-extended. 10. Spine flexed laterally. 11. Arms abducted. 12. Digits of the hand flexed. 13. Neck partially flexed. 14. Thighs flexed. 15. Thighs extended. 16. Digits of the hand abducted. 17. Digits of the hand adducted. The Muscular System 7 Thomas Secrest Clinical Corner Botulism: Caused by a neurotoxin of the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. The toxin binds to motor neurons supplying the muscle of the respiratory system and the other skeletal muscles of the body and prevents normal impulse transmission from reaching the muscles. The paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death. Botulism is generally a food borne illness, however in rare cases it can grow in release toxin in the digestive tract infants who have consumed C. botulinum spores, leading to Infant Botulism. {botulus = sausage} Cerebral palsy: A non-progressive non-contagious impairment of the muscle function stemming from damage to the motor cortex of the brain. Damage can occur during fetal development (most common), during childbirth (least common) or during early post-natal development. {palsy = paralyzed} Charlie horse: A common non- technical name for a muscle cramp, especially of the leg and frequently associated with the calf muscle at night. The most common causes are mineral or vitamin deficiencies. Compartment Syndrome: A condition in which a muscles ability to swell or hypertrophy is limited by its outer connective tissue covering (sheath). The sheath effectively creates a compartment in which the muscle is located. When swelling or hypertrophy occurs the muscle is compressed which results in decreased blood supply and can also compress nerves leading to the muscle. Muscle cramp: A forceful, sustained spasm of a muscle or a part of a muscle. Muscle spasm: A temporary involuntary contraction of a skeletal muscle. Muscle strain: An over extension or over exertion injury in which the muscle is torn. There is usually some degree of bleeding into the injured tissue. {stringere = to draw tight} Muscular dystrophy: A genetic condition in which there is progressive destruction of muscle tissue which is replaced by scar (connective) tissue. {dys = bad; trophy = nourishment} Myasthenia gravis: An autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The loss of receptors results in muscle weakness and easy fatigability of the involved muscles. The condition is most pronounced in facial muscles, muscles that move the jaw, the tongue and the muscles involved with respiration. {my/myo = muscle; asthenia = weakness} Myositis: Inflammation of skeletal muscle tissue. Pinched nerve: When a nerve is compressed between two structures it can be referred to as a pinched nerve. If a motor nerve exiting the spinal cord is pinched between two vertebral vertebrae the nerve can become inflamed and can lead to muscle spasms of the affected muscles. Vertebral compression of spinal nerves is often due to collapsing intervertebral discs. {myo = muscle; itis = inflammation} Parkinson’s Disease: A progressive neurological disease that affects muscle movement. The disease is caused by a loss of neurons in the substania nigra of the brain. These cells produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. Symptoms include muscle tremors, slowed movement, difficulty in initiating purposeful movement, partial paralysis of the facial muscles and a shuffling gait. The condition usually occurs after age 50. Pulled muscle: Another term for a muscle strain. Rigor mortis: A post mortem condition in which the skeletal muscles temporarily contract as the endoplasmic reticulum breaks down releasing calcium ions into the myoplasm. The Ca++ ions lead to a short burst of contractile activity. However, the burst of activity uses up the limited amount of available ATP there is no ATP left to initiate muscle relaxation. Therefore the muscles remain contracted until the contractile proteins begin to break down. {rigor = stiffness; mortis = death} Tetanus: Caused by the neurotoxin from the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium tetani. This condition (not a disease) is most commonly caused by spores of C. tetani entering a deep wound. Once in the wound the spores germinate producing a colony of growing bacteria. The bacteria release neurotoxin as they grow. The neurotoxin prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter substances within the CNS. This results in a state of contraction in the major muscle groups of the body. This condition is prevented with the Tetanus vaccine and is first given as part of the DPT vaccine, with the “T” standing for Tetanus. Booster vaccinations should be given every 10 years to maintain protection. This condition is also called “lockjaw.” Tendon: Connective tissue (dense regular connective tissue) structure which attaches muscles to bones. {tendere = to stretch} Tendonitis: Inflammation of a tendon. Torticollis: A contracted state of the muscle associated with the cervical spine. The chronic contraction can cause an unnatural position of the neck or it can cause pain whenever the head is moved. {tort = twist; coll = neck} Wry Neck Syndrome: Common name for Torticollis. “Wry” means abnormally bent or distorted. The Muscular System 10 Thomas Secrest Talking with the Patient Instructions: working with a partner, try to recreate the interview. Don’t just reread it – try to do the interview using your own question and answer variations while using the same basic case profile. Instructions: Review the interview and find line numbers that correspond to the interview elements listed below. In some cases different aspects of the same interview element may be addressed in different parts of the interview. The questions in the table below are not in the sequence of the interview. Interview element Line numbers Patient greeting. Request for information about chief complaint. Patient’s description of their complaint. Doctor changing the direction of the interview. Request of age and date of birth. Request of lifestyle information (smoking, drinking habits) Request for information about job stress. Request for information about physical activity. Patient information regarding change in physical activity. Request for information regarding current health problems. Request for information regarding medications. Request for addition information regarding a medication. Request for information regarding hospital admissions. Request for addition information regarding a hospital admission. Request for patient’s assessment of a surgical procedure. Check Point – Comprehension Instructions: Work with a partner. Takes turns asking and answering the questions below. 1. How does the patient describe their work situation? 2. How does the patient describe their level of physical activity? 3. What is the reason the patient gives for their change in physical activity? 4. What current health problems does the patient have? 5. What medications is the patient currently taking? 6. Why is the patient taking estrogen? Sortis? 7. What was the problem that required hospitalization 10 years ago? 8. Was the surgical procedure successful? The Muscular System 11 Thomas Secrest Talking with the Patient Asking Questions and Giving Answers Instructions: Work with a partner and take turns asking and answering the question in column A. Then work together to create questions that would produce the responses shown in column B. A B Practice asking and answering the following: Formulate questions for the following answers: 1. What is the patient’s problem? 2. How old is the patient? 3. How much does the patient weigh? 4. Where was the patient born? 5. How long as she live in this country? 6. Does the patient smoke or drink alcohol? 7. Is the patient physically active? 8. What is the patient’s job? 9. What medication is the patient taking? 10. Does the patient have any current health problems? 1. I am 57 years old. 2. 165 cm. 3. Yes – I sometimes have a glass or two of wine with my evening meals. 4. I have high cholesterol. 5. I’ve had it for about 10 years. 6. I take Sortis -- 20 mg each evening. 7. Yes – I also take estrogen. 8. I was having problems with mood swings and hot flashes. 9. Yes – I also take a calcium supplement each day. 10. I had a procedure to repair the position of my bladder. Instructions: Work with a partner. Carry out an interview similar to the one above using the information provide. One person plays the role of the doctor and the other person plays the role of patient A using patient A’s profile. Repeat the activity by reversing roles and using patient B’s profile. Patient A profile: Patient B profile: ! Age: 75 years old ! Sex: female ! Ht: 168 cm, Wt: 82 kg ! Born in Prague, CZ ! Occupation: Retired school teacher ! Smokes 10 cigarettes /day ! Drinks 2-3 glasses of wine / day ! Sedentary lifestyle ! Complains of a slight tremor in their right hand ! Current medical problems: High cholesterol (25 years) ! Medications: Sortis ! Age: 68 years old ! Sex: male ! Ht: 182 cm, Wt. 91 kg ! Born in Hamburg, D ! Occupation: Retired accountant ! Smokes 20 cigarettes / day ! Drinks 3 beers / day ! Sedentary lifestyle ! Complains of stiff muscles in neck and shoulders, preventing him for moving freely. ! Current medical problems: high blood pressure (20 years), high cholesterol (20 years) ! Medications: Micardis Plus, Sortis The Muscular System 12 Thomas Secrest Cross Word Puzzle Across Down 3. Connective tissue structure that attaches muscles to bones 4. Muscles on the back of the lower leg. 8. Property of skeletal muscle that refers to its ability to shorten in length. 10. Name of the triangular should muscle. 11. Uncontrollable rhythmic contractions and relaxation of skeletal muscles. 12. Turning the head from side to side 14. Groups of muscles on the back of the thigh. 16. The junction between two neurons. 17. Property of skeletal muscle that refers to its ability to stretch and then return to its original length. 18. Transmitter substance released by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions. 1. inflammation of muscle tissue 2. Cell membrane of a muscle cell. 5. Do a push-up _____ the elbow. 6. Microscopic features that appear as lines perpendicular to long axis of skeletal muscle cells 7. Touching your chin to your chest ____ your neck. 9. The T in the DPT vaccine. 10. Deficient neurotransmitter associated with Parkinson's disease. 13. Type of muscle tissue making up the heart. 15. Type of muscle tissue found in the walls of arteries. The Muscular System 15 Thomas Secrest Check Point – Phrasal Verbs Instructions: Work with a partner and fill in the gaps with a phrasal verb from the box. Be sure to discuss the vocabulary in bold print. bear with braking in calm down check with me close up flare up bring up cut down call it off count on breakdown come around burning up catch up move on blow over bring it off back out of blow in 1. Please don’t _______________ the promise you made – you need to start exercising 3 or 4 times a week. Can I count on you? 2. You’re going to have to _______________the stiffness in your back for a few more days. Therapy will take that long before in has positive effects. 3. I’m sorry I don’t have time to see you today – you can’t just _______________whenever you feel like it. You need to make an appointment before you come. 4. I know this _______________of your condition has been unpleasant, but I expect it to _______________in a few days. 5. Menopause can sometimes make you feel like you are having a _______________, but it’s just a feeling. The estrogen I prescribed should make you feel better soon. 6. This is a big change you have to make in your lifestyle. But it’s like _______________a new pair of shoes – it’s painful at first, but before long you are accustom to them and you don’t even notice. 7. I think after you have tried exercising for a while you will _______________to my point of view. 8. Reducing the amount of fat in your diet can be hard to do, but I think you can _______________. 9. I have finished my preliminary interview – is there anything you want to _______________before we _______________? 10. It’s important that you _______________on the number of cigarettes you are smoking. 11. A: Doctor! My son is extremely sick – feel his forehead – it feels like he’s _______________. B: _______________Ms Smith – your son does appear to have a high fever but it is not as serious when a child has a have fever as it is when an adult has a high fever. We will be able to bring it down and treat the problem. 12. A: It’s the oncology department – they want to know if the meeting is still on? B: Please tell them I’m too busy today – we will have to _______________for now. 13. Please schedule me for the conference on new treatments for asthma. I need to _______________the latest advances in the area. 14. This is a strong mediation, so I want you to _______________before taking any new medications – even over the counter medications. 15. It’s been a long day – I think we saw 40 patients. It’s time to _______________and call it a day. The Muscular System 16 Thomas Secrest Check Point – Phrasal Verbs Instructions: Work with a partner and match the phrasal verbs in column A with their descriptions in column B. A B 1. back out of 2. bear with (something) 3. blow in 4. blow over 5. brake in 6. breakdown 7. bring it off 8. bring up 9. burning up 10. call it off 11. calm down 12. catch up 13. check with me 14. close up 15. come around 16. count on 17. cut down 18. flare up 19. move on A. to continue doing something that is difficult B. to do something until it is comfortable (shoes) or normal C. to relax / to stop being excited D. confirm something with someone before doing it E. to temporarily quite or suspend some business activity F. an exacerbation G. to make a point during a conversation H. to reduce the quantity of something I. to cancel something J. to depend on somebody for something K. to lose control of ones mind L. to eventually believe in something M. being very warm or having a high temperature N. to learn the latest information about some topic O. for a problem or issue to be resolve or to pass by P. to succeed in doing something difficult Q. to fail to complete some activity R. to visit unexpectedly S. to continue with some activity The Muscular System 17 Thomas Secrest Check Point -- Pronunciation of words containing “C.” Instructions: Review the list of words and pronounce each. Then put each word in the group that corresponds with the sound of the “C” in the word. Some words have two “Cs” in them – in some cases both have the same sound (the word only goes in one group) but in other cases each “C” has a different sound (the word will go into two different groups.) Several have been done as examples. Words in which “C” has several different sounds. C sounds like K -- cardiac C sounds like S -- cellular C sounds like Sh -- associated C is silent -- check C+h sounds like K -- cholesterol adduction associated back calcium cardiac categories cellular characterized check cholesterol communicates composed concede consist deficiencies elasticity entrances excitability facial forceful functionally hacking (cough) hierarchy incontinence medications muscles neck occur recognize schedule specialized stomach structurally substances vaccine C+h is a single unique sound -- check The Muscular System 20 Thomas Secrest Check Point -- Giving Instructions and Giving Directions (continued) E F G H The Muscular System 21 Thomas Secrest Self-test Instructions: Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering the questions. Discuss questions and review wherever needed. 1. There are ___ primary tissue types on the human body. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 2. There are ___ types of muscle in the body. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 3. Both cardiac and skeletal are considered to be: a. Striated b. Voluntary c. Non-striated d. Involuntary 4. Both cardiac and smooth muscle are considered to be: a. Striated b. Voluntary c. Non-striated d. Involuntary 5. The main neurotransmitter between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells is: a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. GABA d. Acetylcholine 6. The reduction in the amount of _____ is the underlying cause of Parkinson’s disease. a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. GABA d. Acetylcholine 7. Sortis is used to treat: a. High blood pressure b. Problems associated with menopause c. High cholesterol d. Headaches 8. Which of the following statements about the number of muscles in the human body is most accurate? a. There are between 300 and 400, b. The number depends on which book you read. c. There are about 700. d. There are more than 1000. 9. Myasthenia Gravis is a: a. Degenerative muscle disease b. An autoimmune disease c. Is contagious d. Can be prevented with a vaccine. The Muscular System 22 Thomas Secrest 10. Which of the following statements about tetanus are true? a. It is caused by a bacteria b. The main symptoms are produced by a toxin c. The diseases and its symptoms can be prevented with a vaccine. d. All the above statements are true. 11. After exercising a person is most likely to use which of the following words to describe how their muscles feel? a. Sore b. Stiff c. Smooth d. Painful 12. A person in their 70s is most likely to which of the following words to describe how their joints feel? a. Sore b. Stiff c. Locked d. Strained 13. A person who gets little exercise is said to be: a. Lazy b. Sedentary c. Moody d. Fatigued 14. __?__ involves mainly skeletal muscle and __?__ involves both skeletal and smooth muscle. a. Chewing / swallowing b. Swallowing / chewing 15. The part of the leg between the hip and the knee is the: a. Calf b. Neck c. Thigh d. Waist 16. Turing the head back-and-forth in a “no” motion is: a. Flexion b. Extension c. Hyper-extension d. Rotation 17. The Vulcan greeting is: (trick question) a. Abduction of digits 3 and 4 b. Abduction of digits 1, 2 and 3 c. Adduction of digits 4 and 5 d. Adduction of digits 3 and 4 18. Lockjaw is a condition caused by: a. Snake venom b. Spider venom c. Bacteria d. A disease process 19. During a marathon in hot weather, which of the following would you most expect to see happen? a. Wry neck syndrome b. Pulled muscles c. Charlie horses d. Muscle strains 20. Which muscle is most likely to be associated with a stiff neck? a. Trapezius b. deltoid c. Teres major