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UNIT 3. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, [igaments, tendons and gartilages. It serves many functions. It supports the body and protects vital organs. It allows body movement and provides the shape to our bodies. Also, it stores minerals and produces blood. Disorders of the skeletal system include fractures, postural deformities (hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis, scoliosis) and many other skeletał conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis, rickets or osteomalacia, The skeleton The adult human skeleton is composed of 206 bones. It is divided into two sections: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the rib cage and the vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle. The skull consists of craniał bones and facial bones. There are 8 eranial bones: the fronta! bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the occipitał bone, the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone. These 8 bones comprise the cranium, which protects the brain. The facial bones include the mandible, the maxilla, the nasal bone and two zygomatie bones (commonly called the cheekbones). The rib cage contains 24 ribs arranged in 12 pairs. The first seven pairs of ribs are connected directly to the sternum (commonly called the breast bone), These ribs are referred to as the true ribs. The next three pairs of ribs are called the false ribs. These bones are not attached directly to the sternum, but to the costal cartilage of the lowest true ribs. The last two pairs of ribs, called the floating ribs, are unattached in front. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae. A single bone is called a vertebra. The 33 vertebrae are divided into 5 regions: the 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused together to form the sacrum and the coccyx. The intervertebra! WORDLIST appendicular skeleton /s pen'dikjola 'skelitan/ — szkielet obwodowy arthritis /a'Brartis/ — zapalenie stawów axial skeleton /'eksial 'skelitan/ szkielet osiowy breast bone /brest baun/ = mostek carpal bone /'ka:p'l baun/— kość nadgarstką cartilage /ka:talid3/ — chrząstka cervical vertebra /'sazvik*l 'va:tibra/ — kręg szyjny cheekbone /'tfi:kbaun/ — kość policzkowa clavicle /'klesvilel/ — obojczyk coccygeal vertebra /kok'sidział 'va:trbra/ — kręg guziczny coccyx /'kvksiks/ — kość guziczna collarbone /kplebsvn/ — obojczyk costal cartilage /knst'l 'ka:talidz/ — chrząstka żebrowa eranial bone /'kreinial baun/= kość mózgoczaszki cranium /kreiniem/ (pl. crania /kremia/) = mózgoczaszka ethmoid bone /e9moid „baun/ — kość sitowa facial bone /feu["| ,baun/ = kość twarzoczaszki false rib /fozls „rib/ — żebro rzekome femur /'fi:ma/ — kość udowa fibula /'fibjole/ (pl. fibulae /fibjoli:/, fibulas /fibjulez/) — kość strzałkowa floating rib /flsutuq „rib/ — żebro wolne frontal bone /frant'| baon/ = kość czołowa fused /fju:zd/ — zrośnięty, zespolony hip bone /hip ,baon/ — kość miednicza 
