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Página 1 de 1 Claudia Melo De: “Valdemir Pereira de Sousa" Para: "Claudia" Enviada em: terça-feira, 14 de novembro de 2006 14:16 Assunto: artigo Olá Cláudia, Estou precisando de um artigo muito antigo. Será que ve teria como pesquisar em seus arquivos para tentar encontrá-lo? Artigo: Willis, E.0.1979. The composition of avian communities in remanescent woodlots in Southern Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 33 (1): 1-25. Att Valdemir Valdemir P. de Sousa Biólogo - CRBio n.48782/02 Professor de Biologia do Serviço Social da Indústria/SESI Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação de Vertebrados - LBCV Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo -UFES. tel:9949-4847 Novidade no Yahoo! Mail: receba alertas de novas mensagens no seu celular. Registre seu aparelho agora! No virus found in this incoming message. Checked by AVG Free Edition. Version: 7.1.409 / Virus Database: 268.14.5/533 - Release Date: 13/11/2006 q | atá [ess N A u ! Pai | nho aque, 14/11/2006 20: Costa, €., Novas espécies do gênero Lygelarer Costa, 1975 (Elateridae, Pyrophori nae), pp. 299-307. 21. Rodrigues, M. T., Descrição de uma nova espécie de Gonatodes da Amazônia (Sau- ria, Gekkonidae), pp. 309-314. 22. Sene, F.M., F.C. Val, C. R. Vilela &M. A. Q. R. Pereira, Pretiminary data on the geographical distribution of Drosophila species within morphoclimatic domains of Brazil, pp. 315-326. 23. Britski, H. A., Sobre uma nova espécie de Curimata da bacia do Paraná, no estado de São Paulo (Pisces, Curimatidae), pp. 327-333. 24. Martins, U. R. & M. A. Monné, Torneutini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidas): chave pa- “ “rãs gêneros, chaves para as espécies de alguns gêneros, notas e descrição de no- vos Taxa, pp. 335-353, 25. Leme, 5. L. M., Viviparidade em Tomigerus (Gastropoda, Bulimulidae) com a des- crição de uma nova espécie, pp. 355-363. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia Papéis AvrLsos ZooL., S. PauLo, 33 (1): 1-25 27 VIL.1979 THE COMPOSITION OF AVIAN COMMUNITIES IN REMANESCENT WOODLOTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL EbwiN O. WILLIS ABSTRACT Censuses 0f birds in remanescent woodlois Of 1400, 250, and 21 ha on the subtropical São Paulo platequ in southeastern Brasil showed 202, 146, and 93 species of birds stil present. Presumabiy all areas originally had about 230 species before forest cutting became widespread. Few species present im a small woodiois were absent from q larger one, so inat the emtll woodlots added to bird preservation mainly dy repeating species in aq different area. The large and medium woodiois had much the same numbers of individuals per 100h of observation, but the small woodiot had few individuals and hence did not show density compensation, Certain groups of birds and mammais were especigily prone to extirpation im small woodiots: large frugivores of the canopy (parrots, cotingids, monkeys, eto.), birds eating large insects on or near the ground (antbiras, woodereepers), and small insectivores of forest bamboo thickets and other tangies, Frugivores were to some extent replaced by edge-living omuivores, ground-living doves, and by ground-living mammals (apparentiy leading to increases in owis) in small woodiots. Small birds eating small insects. om or neur the ground became more abundant, although not more diverse, in small wocdiots, Migrants, which here were mosthy birds of the forest canopy and edges, were common in the medium-sized woodlot but not im the small one, Eage-living species became more abundant or relatively more abundant in small iwoodiots, These changes cause small wondiots to become more like temperate zone forests in emphases on oscine birds of canopy and edge and on migrants, and in loss of frut-eating birds. Losses of large hawks and of birds of the forest understory may de due to low population numbers and necasional extinctions in amall areas. Losses of canopy frugivores and of hummingbirds, which fly easily between avoodiots, are more Wbely due to loss of specific flowering or fruiting trees used at certnin times of the year, The' conservation of ecosystems has received less attention over the years than has the preservation of conspicuous species. The hope has rather been that, when by diligent eifort one sets aside and protects a patch of habitat that is the home of one or several species Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. 08540. 4 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia Barreiro Rico, were censused for birds from February 1975 to March 1978. One, the “Santa Genebra” tract, is 250ha of forest (centered about 22º49' S and 47º07' W on the Campinas quadrangle of the Carta do Brasil 1:50000) in cotton fields. In 1969, this area was reduced to its present size by cutting of about 145 ha. Another, the “Unicamp” tract, is 2lha set in pastures and cotton fields near the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, at 3.75km east (just northwest of 22º50' 5 and 47º04' W) oí the Santa Genebra tract. Small cattail (Typha angustifolia) marshes and swamps next to both tracts were not tensused. Both the Santa Genebra and Unicamp woodlots are on red and fertile “terra roxa” latosols rather than the sandy soils of Barreiro Rico, and both include swampy areas with small creeks. The Barreiro Rico tract has two small creeks arising at its north edge, but is mainly a dry hilltop woodland. The Santa Genebra and Unicamp forests should therefore be taller and better developed than the forest at Barreiro Rico, which lies on an ecotone near areas of cerrado and cerradão. The Santa Genebra and especially Unicamp woodlots are indeed taller and more imposing at their centers, with 35m emergent jequitibá trees (Cariniana legalis, Lecithydaceae) towering over 20-25 m. guarantã (Esenbeckia Ieiocarpa, Rutaceae) and others. However, the edges and trail margins of both the Unicamp and Santa Genebra tracts are highly disturbed by wood cutting and therefore tend to a vinetangled appearance not greatly difíerent from the irregular canopy at Barreiro Rico. Some trees have been removed over the years at Barreiro Rico, and removal of valuabie species by colonists and even Indians must be assumed for all areas, Parts of the Santa Genebra tract seem old second growth. Seattered coffee plants and even rows occur in both the Unicamp and Santa Genebra tracts. The rows are remains of small nurseries in use to 35 years ago, but other plants probably do not indicate former cultivation; bird dispersion of cofiee seeds occurs in many woodlots and state parks in eastem São Paulo. Occasional windfalls have created tangled zones or low woodlands in all three forests, and occasional fires (notably extensive ones at the edges of the Santa Genebra tract in 1964) have also left tangled patches. Layers of charcoal are in the soil of sandy areas at Barreiro Rico. Freezes, such as one in July 197%, temporarily defoliated Cecropia sp. but do not seem to cause lasting changes. Drought periods, such as the winter of 1975 and the summer of 1978, cause much loss of canopy foliage. Barreiro Rico has an included patch of 5 ha of cerrado vegetation (censused separately), and a few ha of sandy bordering woodiands add some diversity of habitat lacking in the Santa Genebra and Unicamp tracts, However, the swampy creeks of the last two areas, with palms (mostly Arecasirum romanzojfianum), add a diversity lacking at Barreiro Rico, as do the jequitibás and nectariferous scaitered paineira trees (Chorisia speciosa, Bombacaceae). Trees common in all the censuseg areas include guarantã, peroba (Aspidos- perma polgneuron, Apocynacene), guaraluva (Segurinega guaraiuva, Euphorbiaceae), canxim (Pachystroma illicifolium, Euphorbiaceae), i ! : i Vol. 33 (1), 1979 5 tapixingui (Croton sp, Euphorbiaceae), guaritá (Astroneum graveolens, Anacardiacese), pau d'óleo (Copaifera langsdorffi, Leguminosae), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril stilbocarpa, Leguminosae), pau-jacaré (Piptadenia gonoacantha, Leguminosae), and canjarana (Cabraiea canjarana, Meliaceae). A common understory shrub is carrapateiro (Metreodorea sp. Rutaceae). There are scattered patches of slender bamboos, and lianas are dense enough to cluiter the forest understory and form tangles in the frequent treefall and other clearings. METHODS Two types of censuses were used: one-hour censuses and general censuses. In one-hour censuses, I recorded every bird seen or heard while walking slowly along standard routes in each woadlot between 07:00 and 09:00, Some censuses at Barreiro Rico were run at less favorable heurs (10:00-17:00) but along alternate routes. General censuses were run by walking slowly through the woodlots, attempting to reach all parts of the areas. Usually general censuses at Unicamp and Santa Genebra were run in the favorable morning hours, but at Barreiro Rico I worked in the afternoons as well. Birds at Barreiro Rico tended to be more active all day long than in the two smaller woodlots, so that census totals at Barreiro Rico did not seem low. The Unicamp woodlot was often visited with students at noncensus hours; seven vagrant species encountered only at such times are not included in analyses. General censuses at Barreiro Rico totaled 550,4 hours, at Santa Genebra 444.3 hours, and at Unicamp 205.0 hours, Birds were identified with 10x50 binoculars, and study skins of the Museu de Zoologia of the Universidade de São Paulo were checked to confirm identifications. SPECIES NUMBERS 'These forest tracts must originally have had similar total numbers of bird species, but I found (Table 1) 202 species in the tract at Barreiro Rico (B), 146 at Santa Genebra (S), and 93 at Unicamp (U). Not counted are a few birds of open areas that occasionally visit the edges of woodlots (notably Guira guira; 5 species at B, 6 at S, and 5 at U) nor some water or marsh birds that occasionally pereh atop trees (Cairina moschata at B, Donacobius atricapilius at S; and Syrigma sibilatriz at U). Table t. Bird species in three São Paulo woodlots Number of Species in Given Locality B' s VU Total recorded 202 146 93 Breeding species 175 119 76 Summer only 13 12 8 Wintering species 5 5 2 Vagrants 22 22 15 “B is Barreiro Rico, S is Santa Genebra, and U is Unicamp. 6 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia Vol. 33 (1), 1979 7 Figures 1 to 4 show cumulative species-individual and speciestime curves ior the three woodiots and two types of censuses. The no —— cumulative curves suggest that general totals are reasonably complete. Dad At 200 hours of observation in each wootllot, species recorded were e 4—— about 90 for U, 130 for S, and 180 for B. = Dad » BARREIRO RICO oo uai ge DO um sue teme popa — y ad aa 5 a" rege et rs é pt 15º ” IT que UNICAMP BARREIRO RICO e et Kia & Y E 150) E as z , pes do ERME a y GENERAL ceNsuses É & u É ob É E So E iêos 5 78600 Ea Judo 2) NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS EA GENERAL CENSUSES Fig. 2. Cumulative numbers of species recorded for given numbers of ge of individuals in general censuses. esl! Originally these and yet another 50 species should have been in ali the forests of the region, Some 20 now present, mainly forest-edge i species, would have been lacking; totals should have been near 230 o! Ho sós E E EE E) sa species. Lacking today are most macaws (Ara sp), large parrots HOURS OF STUDY Gimazona spp. e pan forestedge A. nestiva), araçaris (Ptero- o N . a e glossus aracari; see Haifer, 1974:229), eagles (Spizaetus spp, etc) Fig. 1. Cumulative number of species recorded at given times 4 P., , ig. um: ia general sines E and several brightly colored treetop tanagers (Tangara spp. etc). 1 failed to find 10 of the 136 forest species collected at Barreiro Rico in 1957-64. Tinamus solitarius is still present, according to local . workers, but is a shy and rare bird. Aphantochroa cirrhochloris is a 8 Barreiro pico Santa centmma pmamtoa mt hummingbird that may still come to flowering trees occasionally. o qt sms ii The other eight species should have been seen if still present. Cissopis is PAN unica leveriana, Cacicus haemorrhous, and Proenias nudicollis were probably 5 DA a uu in forest near the river, although the frugivorous bellbird called well 1 PÁ um away from the river as late as 1970 (D. Ewert, pers. comm.). [The o: RAD qa frugivorous Columba plumbea also once called along the river, and É: a frugivorous Pipile jacutinga was last shot in 1926, according to J. C. z Magalhães.) One parrot (Triclaria malachitacea) and two toucans ONE-HOUR CENSUSES (Baillonius bailloni and Selenidera maculirostris) add to the list of vanished large frugivores, while Notharchus macrorhynchus once ate large insects in the treetops. Dysithamnus stictothorax, a small insectivorous antbird of the understory, is commonest in wet coastal La forests. In the early 1930's, wood-quail (Odontophorus capueira) and | reintroduced Tinamus solitarius were still in the Santa Genebra woodlot, according to Jandyra Pamplona de Oliveira. 0) ES E d NUMBER OF HOURS a se (AU Fig. 3. Cumulative numbers of species recorded by given times for one-hour censuses, 19 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 10. Large Ground Insectivores Insectivores that get large insects from or near the ground were rare in small woodlots (Appendix 10). Absence of army ants (Eciton burchelli and Labidus praedator) trom both small wocdlots probably caused reduced numbers of ant-following Dendrocincia turdina and Dendrocolaptes platyrostris and absence of Pyrigiena leucoptera. A fourth ant-foliowing species, Trichothraupis melanops, eats fruits as well and remained in al! three woodlots cAppendix 3). 11. Small Ground Insectivores Small ground insectivores (under 25 g) did well in small woodlots (Appendix 11), probably because large ones did not. However, some small species were absent from small woodlots. 12. Small Understory Insectivores Most small insectivores oi the understory were im all woodlots (Appendix 12). None were migratory, except for a few wandering winter individuals, 13. Tangle Insectivores Forest insectivores that inhabit bamboo and vine thickets or their edges (Appendix 13) tended to drop out in small woodiots. 14. Midlevel Insectivores Some midievel insectivores (notably Piaya cagana, Hypoedaleus guttotus, and Herpsilochmus rufimorginatus) also use tangles, put most species use more open foliage than members oi the preceding group. Like them, they were less diverse in small woodlots (tAppendix 14). High abundance of the three that also use tangled vegetation (and of a summer species that liked edges of such tangles) in Santa Genebra was not repeated in Unicamp, although vine-tangled midlevels are common in both areas. 15. Small Canopy Insectivores Small insectivores of the treetops (Appendix 15) were much like small canopy omnivores (Appendix 2) and midlevel -insectivores (Appendix 14) in being more common in the medium-sized woodlots Yut no more diverse there. They were uncommon but fairly diverse in the smaltest woodlot. 16. Edge Insectivores Edge insectivores, which vary in foraging between tangles and midlevels and treetops, were usually present in all three woodlots (Appendix 16). High densities of some tangleforaging species (Hylophilus poicilotis, Synallaxis spp.) in Santa Genebra raised total numbers there. Presence oi dead trees and. cerrado-like vegetation in pastures at Barreiro Rico accounted for addition of Myiarchus tyrannulus and Troglodytes aedon at forest edges. Vol. 83 (1), 1979 “” 17. Aerial, Insectivores Aerial insectivores (Appendix 17) were generally present over all woodlots and over intervening open areas as well, Five species pred outside each woodlot and hence were local vagrants, totals surpassed only by edge omnivores of Appendix 4 and perhaps by birds of Appendices 19 and 20. 18. Nocturnal Insectivores Nocturnal insectivores, in contrast to carnivores, were poorly represented in small woodiots (Appendix 18). 19. Nectarivores Birds that use nectar and small insects (Appendix 19) were Tess diverse and numerous in the small woodlot. Since most of these birds find flowering trees or sugar-water feeders even in suburbs at Campinas (Thalurania glaucopis is the only forest-interior species that does not appear outside the forest), absence in the small woodlot probably reflects undependability of flowering there. Phaethornis pretrei and Chlorostilbon aureoventris, the least dominant and most vagrant of local hummingbirds, were common in the small woodlot. 20. Edge Granivores Birds that eat seeds and small insects (Appendix 20) were mostly at forest edges. Only Haplospiza unicolor (a vagrant or winter visitor at Campinas, perhaps from the Serra do Mar) and Tiaris fuliginosa regularly wander through forests and find small trailside patches of grass seeds. Probably reduced diversity and abundance in small woodlots reflects reduced abundance in nearby cotton fields and intensively grazed pastures; Barreiro Rico seedeaters came mostly from weedy patches in nearby pastures. Also, many seedeaters are captured for cage birds near Campinas. MIGRANT BIRDS Summering birds reached all three woodiots, although the smallest woodlot unaccountably lacked a few species (notably Myiopagis viridicata and Platypsaris rufus, midlevel to treetop insectivores common at nearby Santa Genebra). Summering species were all edge, midlevel, canopy, or aerial species; most were insectivores, thgugh some used fruits to some extent. None, except perhaps Claravis pretiosa if it really is absent in winter, used the forest trunks or lower levels. However, Empidonax euleri of the lower levels seemed less common in winter, and may emigrate to some extent at that season. The frugivorous Tityra spp. also were less common or absent in winter, and may migrate like their smaller relatives, the becards. One pair of T. cayana appeared in Santa Genebra on 21 August 1977, as if on spring migration. Two nocturnal species, Caprimulgus rufus and Nyctibius griseus, were unrecorded in winter; but they are not easily detected when not calling. In the Campinas woodiots, many summering species disappeared by February and apparently failed to breed in the drought summer of 12 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 1978. In the drought winter of 1975, Empidonaz euleri was nearly absent. Summer migrants were most abundant in the medium-sized woodlot (Table 2). They thus frequented the area with more resident individuals in their foraging zones, rather than the area with many competing species (Barreiro Rico) or the area with few birds (Unicamp). Summering migrants represented 10% of 4007 birds per 100 hours in Santa Genebra, 6.9% of 3548 per 100h in Barreiro Rico, and 5,6% of 1950 birds per 100h at Unicamp. Table 2. Summering migrants of taree São Paulo woodlots Bird Species Individuais /100 h B s v Ictinea plumbea 14 24 Lurocalis semitorquata 7 1 6 Chaetura andrei a 21 8 Coccyeus euleri o 1 o melacoryphus i 3 Platypsaris rufus o 34 Pachyramphus polychopierus 8 8 0 Myiodynastes maculatus 7 a 7 Empidonomus varius 3 19 4 Legatus leucophaius 1 Myiopagis viriticata 2a 5a Myiarchus swainsoni 43 64 32 Vireo olivaceus 14 160 al Total 244 400 109 The few passage migrants, in spring and fall, included several edge frugivores (Elaenia mesoleuca im all three woodlots and E. albiceps in the two larger ones; Turdus umaurochalinus; Platycichia flavipes). Several vagrants (Pitangus sulphuratus, Myiozetetes simillis, Tersina viridis) perhaps belong among passage migrants; Appendix 4 has many “vagrants” Probably the July-September fruiting peak in southeastern Brazil (Davis, 1945) exploits the many vagrants available at thai time. Wintering birds were also low in numbers, except for flycatching Contopus cimereus of forest midlevels (Table 3). It seems to occupy à niche petween the níches of summering Myiarchus swcinsoni and Myiopagis viridicata; and its aerial sallying is presumably favored over the hover-gleaning tactics of the summer species because many midlevel and upper-level leaves are lost in the dry and cold months. Most wintering species summer at higher elevations to the southeast during the summer months. Perhaps numbers of these birds are now limited in summer by lack of wintering areas on the deforested plateau. Several other small wintering frugivores and insectivores move to open cerrado vegetation within and west of Barreiro Rico. Vol, 33 (1), 1979 13 Table 3. Wintering migrants of three São Paulo woodiais Species Individuals/100 h s U Phibalura flavirostris Pachyramphus castaneus Knipolegus cyanirostris Contopus cinereus Dendroica striata Pipraeidea melanonota Hapiospisa unicolor Total 9 nnno tp o Several rare birds, here considered vagrants (Basileuterus culicivorus, Pyrrhocoma ruficens, Cranioleuca pailida, Atila rufus), probably come from the south and may represent individual wintering birds; they reached only the Campinas woodlots, which are closer to the wooded Serra do Mar than is Barreiro Rico. A single Dendroica strinta seen twice in Santa Genebra was the only migrant from North America. WANDERING SPECIES Counting only species known to be able to travel between woodlots (“T” species in the Appendices), 140 of 216 or about two thirds can wander. Only for the categories of ground and tangle insectivores cAppendices 10, 11, 13) are most species unlikely to cross open areas. Large fruit-eaters, small understory insectivores, and trunk birds average about half species that can cross open areas. Diversity of nonwandering species was reduced im small woodlots: "4 species (37% of the avifauna) at Barreiro Rico, 38 at Santa Genebra (26%) and 19 at Unicamp (20%). Many of the 19 at Unicamp are small and abundant species that are likely to be resistent to extinction; but many may wander better, especially as immaiures, than is known at present. Empidonax euleri and Turdus albicallis are particularly likely to be transferred to the “travelprone” categary when more information is available, since both may pe partially migratory. DENSITY COMPENSATION There were fewer birds per hour at Unicamp in general censuses than at Santa Genebra or Barreiro Rico (see above). In the one-hour censuses, there were 50.0, 87.5, and 79.9 birds per hour, respectively. TAXONOMIC CHANGES Passeriform birds and tyranniform birds, characteristic of forest edges and temperate-zone woodlands, both increase in small woodlots 16 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia a niche subdivision, as well as based on the presence oí creekside woodlands. Increases in squirrel and lizard abundance in small woodlots are probably due to increased fruit on the forest floor. Nocturnal ground mammals may also increase in small woodlots, causing the presence of nocturnal large owis in these woodlots and seemingly not at Barreiro Rico. This possible chain of effects needs investigation, for owls were not studied well. They could be responding to better soil conditions and forests of the Santa Genebra and Unicamp sites, or to other factors. Small treetop and understory birds that eat fruit and insects (Appendices 2,3) persist in small woodlots better than do large birds, although ín reduced numbers in the smallest woodlot. However, the absence of small treetop Tangara tanagers from all three woodlots is puzzling, as these birds occur in large forest tracts both eastward (Serra do Mar) and westward (Iguaçu National Park). Small understory, midlevel, and treetop insectivores (Appendices 12, 14, 15) persisted better in the small woodlots than did tangle insectivores (Appendix 13). Treefalls may be too few in number in very small woodlots, or edge species may outcompete tangle species for them. Edge insectivores (Appendix 16) persisted well in all woodlots, but were as high in numbers in the medium-sized woodlot as were midlevel insectivores. Perhaps the large woodlot had increased competition from large forest omnivores (Appendix 1), large ground insectivores (Appendix 10), and from trunk and twig insectivores (Appendix 9). The generally lower numbers of insectivores of all these types in the smailest woodlot are not readily explainable, unless very small woodlots do not provide enough habitat variation to support such small insectivores all year long by local movements. If small woodlots do support dependable insect populations, edge insectivores should move ta such woodlots. Instead, edge omnivores (Appendix 4) moved into the smallest woodlot and replaced to some extent both Iruit eaters and insect eaters. This suggests that generalist birds that can switch from fruit to insects or vice versa are favored in small waodlots, perhaps in cold waves or other environmental “disasters” that may be as important in small woodlots as at margins of tropical forests generally (Willis, 1976). Roles of Migrants: Migrants were birds of the air, forest upper stories, and edge. No migrant species came from the categories of trunk or insectivorous understory birds. These forests lose leaves mainly in the canopy, perhaps accounting for lack of migrants from the understory. Migrants from the forest understory are a conspicuous part of the migratory avifauna in cold coniferous or deciduous forests of the northern hemisphere, which differs in at least that respect Trom the migratory avifauna in São Paulo. Migrants in São Paulo are mostly cotingas and tyrantflycatchers rather than the nine- “primaried ascines so common among North American migrants, too. - Migrants that eat seeds move into many northern woodlands in winter as well as to open areas and forest edges. This component of migration is very weak on the São Paulo plateau, where only Haplospiza unicolor winters in very small numbers. Many seed-eating birds of open areas or forest edges become rate or disappear in the winter: Sporophila caerulescens, for instance. These forests seem to Vol. 33 (1), 1979 Avi produce fruit-eating birds rather than seed-eating species, except that ground-living tinamous and doves probably eat seeds as well as fruits. Some summer migrants are known to eat fruits, at least in other regions (Morton, 1977 for Vireo and Legaius leucophaius). These migrants seem mostly insectivorous when on the São Paulo plateau, although detailed study is needed. Certain wintering and passage migrants of forest edge and cerrado zones are mainly frugivorous (Elaenia spp, Turdus spp.), and a few thrushes move into the local waodlots when certain trees are in fruit. Pionus ma aimiliani moves into the Unicamp woodlot mainly ín the spring, but is thought not to breed there. Local movements of fruit-eating edge birds bring them into ail woodlots (Appendix 4). The numbers Of these birds in forest are rather low, even though they increase slightly im small woodlots as one might expect from the low numbers of Tesident frugivores in such woodlots. Many hummingbirds appear in the local woodlots only when there are certain trees im flower, notably Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae) of the sandier parts of Barreiro Rico in April and May. The necessities and numbers of nectarivorous species should depend not on the size of local «woodlots but on the presence of other woodiands in the Serra do Mar, close enough to permit altitudinal and local migrations that must be rather complex. However, the decrease in hummingbird numbers in small woodlots (with a small increase in Coereba flaveola populations in the medium-sized woodlot as a partial compensation) indicates that nectarivorous migrants must find food more easily in large woodlots. Perhaps, like fruiteating species, they can stay longer in the larger woodiois, which are likely to have a greater seasonal spread of fruit and flower resources than are small woodlots. Roles of Travel-prone Species: Local wanderers of many species visit all three woodiots in very small numbers. Some are probably wintering immatures or other birds that normally winter on the lower slopes of the nearby Serra do Mar: Basileuterus culicivorus certainly is at most accidental here, as the very similar B. hypoleucus replaces it about 50 km southeast of Campinas, inside the Serra do Mar near São Paulo. A snail-eating kite, Chondrohieraz uncinatus, ance soared past but did not enter the Unicamp woodlot. The ovenhird Cranioleuca pallida appeared and sang for several months in the Santa Genebra woodlot. These vagrants could colonize the local woodlots, and may occasionally do so. Some species counted as residents in the small woodlots (notably Chiroxiphia caudata in the Unicamp woodlot, where I have never seen an adult male) may be virds produced in larger woodlots nearby. There is enough movement that the small woodlots are probably enriched unduly by birds from larger tracts of forest, notably from the coastal mountains of São Paulo. Low species numbers in small woodlots may be due more to rapid extinction than to failure to immigrate. Still, one must remember (with MacArthur and Wilson, 1967) that long distances of movement reduce chances of pairs reaching isolated woodlots. Also, not considered by MacArthur and Wilson, there is the possibility that source areas may pe deforested. Gradual deforestation o£ the coastal ranges of São Paulo is to he expected, plus gradual loss of woodlots that now are scattered over the são Paulo plateau. When the Unicamp or Santa Genebra or Barreiro Rico 18 Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia woodlots (assuming that they survive) lose these outside sources of pirds, they are likely to take up species configurations even more piased toward small and edge-living species than today. Large frugiv- ores are likely to decrease even farther, and both they and specialized insectivores may be replaced by greater numbers (even if not greater diversity) of ommivores. Since oscine songbirds and tyrannoid tyran- niforms are edge and omnivorous species par excellence, we may expect them to increase as the furnarioid tyranniforms and most other nonpasserines decrease. The avifaunas of these woodlots will take on a more “temperate-zone” aspect with these changes, except that understory insectivores will probably remain nonmigratory and seed- -eaters other than ground-living doves will never become common. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 appreciate the hospitality and interest of José Carlos Reis de Magalhães and other personnel ot Barreiro Rico. Jandyra Pamplona de Oliveira of Santa Genebra helped also in allowing me to census per forest areas. Few other ranch owners on the São Paulo plateau have left forests as large as these. I thank also Arnaldo Guido de Souza Coelho and the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas for infor- mation on areas, soils, and climates. Hélio Camargo and others of the Museu de Zoologia of the Universidade de São Paulo helped too. REFERENCES Chapman, F. M. 1988. Life in an air castle. Appleton-Century, New York, 250 pp. Chiarini, J. V. & A, G. de Souza Coelho, 1969. Cobertura vegetal e natural e áreas reflorestadas do Estado de São Paulo, Bol, Inst. Agron, São Paulo, 153: 1:35. Darlington, P. J. Jr, 1957, Zoogeography. Wiley, New York, 675 pp. Davis, D. E, 1945. The annual cycle of plants, mosquitoes, birds and mammals in two Brazilian forests. Ecol. Monogr. 15: 245295. Diamond, J. M. 1972. Biogeographic kineties: estimation of relaxation times for avifaunas of southwest Pacific islands. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci USA 68; 2742-2745. Diamond, J. M. 1975. Assembly of species communities. 7n Cody, M. L. & 3. M. Diamond, eds. Ecology and Evolution of Communities, pp. 842444. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 545 Pp. Eisehmann, E, 1952, Annotated list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Pa- nama Canal Zone. Smithson. misc. Collns 14! (5): 1-62, Hueck, K., 1966. Die Walder Siidamerikas, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 422 pp. Johnson, N, K. 1975. Controls of number of bird species of montane islands in the Great Basin, Evolution 29: 545563. MacArthur, R. H. & E. O. Wilson, 1987. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J. 203 pp. Vol. 33 (1), 1979 19 Morton, E. 8, 1977. Intratropical migration in the Yellow-green Vireo and Piratic Fiycatcher. Auk 94: 97-106. Preston, F. W. 1982. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity, Part IL. Ecology 43: 410-482. Simberloff, D. S. & L. G. Abele, 1976. Island biogeographic theory and conservation practice. Science 191: 285-286. Terborgh, J. W. 1974. Preservation of natural diversity: the problem of extinction-prone species, BioScience 24: 715722. Wuitcomb, R. F, JT. F. Lynch, P. A. Opler & €. S. Robbins, 196. Island biogeography and conservation: strategy and limitations. Setence 198: 1030-1032. willis, E. O. 1974. Populations and local extinctions of birds on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecol. Monogr. 4h: 1539-169. Willis, E. O. 1976. Effects of a cold wave on an Amazonian avifauna in the upper Paraguay drainage, western Mato Grosso, and suggestions on oscine-suboscine relationships. Acta Amazonica 6: 379-394. Willis, E. O. & E. Eisenmann. A revised list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Smithsonian Contr. Zool., im press. wilson, E. O. & E. O. Willis, 1975. Applied biogeography. Jr Cody, M. L. & 3. M, Diamond, eds, Ecology and Evolution of Communíties, pp. 522-534. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 545 pp. 22 Pané's Avulsos de Zoologia 8. Carrion eaters Sarcoramphus papa-T 3 Cathartes qura'T 14 Coragyps atratusT 71 2471 Total 17 8. Trunk and twig insectivores Picumnus cirrhatus-IT -— 88 minutissimus-IT 35 Veniliornis passerinus-IT H spilogasterIT 3 29 Leuconerpes candidusIT 1 7 Dryoconis lineatusIT 13 12 Campephilus robustusT 10 2 Colantes melanochioros-IT 1 Piculus flavigula-l 6 Celeus flavescenst 7 Melanerpes flavifrons1 8 Xenops minutus-1 5 rutilans-IT 13 1 Siltasomus griseicapilius-I 51 6 Lepidocolaptes juscus-l 4 1 Campytoramphus falcularius-l 9 o Total 177 139 10. Understory birds eating large ground arthropods Aramides cajanea-IT — 1 Dromococcyz pavoninus-IT 2 o Baryphthengus ruficapillusI 30 Nonnula rubecula-l 1 Malaconptila striata-l 11 Dendrocincia turdina-l 5 2 Dendrocolaptes platyrostris-I 10 2 Xiphocolaptes albicollis-I 8 Pyriglena teucoptera-l 126 Chamacza campanisona-l 4 Selerurus scansor-I 1 Lochmias nematura-l — 0 Total 198 6 11. Understory birds eating small ground arthropods Synaliazis ruficapillus-I 40 s9 Myrmeciza squamosal o Conopophaga lineata-l 48 15 melanops1 9 Corythopis delalandi-I 14 11 Basileuterus flaveolus-I 23 74 leucoblepharus-I 81 14 Total 165 283 tot 62 20 11 96 12 12 40 154 15 7 279 Vol. 33 (1), 1979 12. Understory birds eating small foliage arthropods Philydor atricapillus-I 4 Automolus leucophthalmusIT 24 Thamnophilus caerulescens-ET 81 Dysithamnus mentalis-I ul Drymophila ferruginea-l 57 Myiobius atricaudus-IT 5) Platyrinchus leucoryphus-I 8 mystaceus-I 24 Idioptilon orbitatum-I 98 Lepiopogon amaurocephalus-1 19 Empidonax euleri-l 39 Basileuterus hypoleucusIT 126 culicivorusIT Pyrrhocoma ruficeps1T Total 591 13. Insectivores of bamboo or forest tangles Mackenziana several 8 Batara cinerea-IT — Psiloramphus guttatusI 6 Drymophila ochropygal 3 Terenura maculata-I 14 Myiornis auricularis-l 38 Todirostrum plumbeiceps-IT o poliocephalum-1 55 Hemitriccus diopsI 1 Total 125 14. Midlevel insectivores Piaya cayanalT 36 *Cocoyeus euleriIT 8 Philydor lichtensteini-l 12 Cranioleuca pallida-l Hypoedaleus guttatus1 12 Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus-l 9 Piprites chloris-I 2 Pachyramphus castaneus-IT 1 Sirystes sibilator-IT 3a * Myiopagis viridicataIT 24 Contopus cinereusIT 5 Attila rufusIT Tolmomgias sulphurescensi id Total 285 15. Small treetop insectivores £ * Platypsaris rujusIT 0 * Pachyramphus polychopterusIT 8 Colonia colonus-IT 46 * Myiarchus swainsoni-IT 43 50 168 136 16 29 261 vol to 96 108 3a 91 6 23 10 107 62 14 46 69 146 457 8 Braco 6 10 32 24 Papéis Avulsos de Myiopagis canicepsI Cyelarhis gujanensis-IT Parula pitiagumiTT Dendroica striata-IT Conirostrum speciosum-IT Total 16. Edge insectivores Crotophaga aniIT Tapera naevia-IT *Coccyzus melacoryphusIT Synaliaxis spixi-IT trontalis-IT Thamnophilus doliatusIT Pachyramphus viridisIT Tyrannus melancholicusIT Myiarchus jeroxIT tyrannulus-IT Knipolegus cyanirostris-TI Capsiempis flaveola-IT Myiophobus fasciatusIT Cnemotriccus juscatus-IT Serpophaga suberistataIT Idioptilon nidipendulum-IT Todirostrum cinereum-IT Troglodytes aedonIT Hylophilus poecilotis-IT Total 17. Aerial insectivores * Ictinea plumbea-IT *Chaetura andrei-lT Cypseloides fumigatus-IT Sireptoprocne gonarisIT Notiochelidon cyanoleucaIT Steigidopterya rufipennis-IT Progne chaiybea-IT Total 18. Nocturnal insectivores Otus choliba-lT atricapillus1 Glaucidium brasilianum-IT Nyctidromus albicollis-IT * Lurocalis semitorquata-IT Chordeiles sp-IT Nyctiphrynus ocellatus-I Caprimúigus rufusIF Nyctibius griseusIT Total Zoologia 19 58 19 28 221 ng n noponnBanad 14 7. 35 322 i4 os om 10 Vol, 33 (1), 1979 19. Nectar and insect eaters Phaethornis pretrei-T Calibri serrirostris'T Chlorostilbon aureoventris-T Thaelurania glaucopis Amagília lactea-T versicolor Leucochloris albicollis:T Melanotrochilus fuscus-T Anthracothorax nigricollis-T Eupetomena macroura-T Heliomaster squamosus-T Coereba jlaveolaT Total 20. Edge seedeaters Columbina talpacotiT Cyanocompsa cyanea-T Sicatis flaveota-T Coryphospingus cucuilatus-T Hapiospiza unicolor-T Oryzoborus angolensis-T Sporophila caerulescens-T Tiaris fuliginosa-T Volatinia jacarina-T Zonotrichia capensis-T Total m Boensowabennoa ES ) Bostfio cocina z 83 Pe NS ET) sa 35 ros o 20 aln these appendices, omnivores are marked “O”, frugivores are marked “F”, and insectivores “L” “T” is a travelprone species, known or likely to fly over open areas between woodlots. Numbers are birds seen or heard per 100h of field studies at Barreiro Rico (left column), Santa Genebra (center), and Unicamp (right). bLess than 0.5 bird per 100n afield. < Nonbreeding birds are italicized. Some, such as Pitangus sulphuratus, probably get food within a woodlot while breeding outside dAsterisks mark summering birds. e Dashes mark cases where a bird breeds in a small woodlot but is absent from a larger one, f Nonfeeding birds. &Many may eat fruit. 
