The Clipper Chip Controversy
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The Clipper Chip Controversy: Balancing National Security and Individual Privacy, Slides of Applications of Computer Sciences
The clipper chip controversy, a proposed encryption standard developed by the us government to balance national security and individual privacy. The history of encryption, the development of the clipper chip, its implications for privacy, and the opposing viewpoints on its implementation.
Typology: Slides
2012/2013
1 / 38
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The Clipper Chip Controversy
It Satisfies The FBI, the CIA, andthe NSA. Does It Satisfy You?
What is Encryption? ❧
Encryption is a way of coding messages, whetherit be text, voice or data communications, so that itis recognizable only between the sender and thereceiver.
Securing Voice and Data Transmission
Cryptography
Caesar ciphers (substitution ciphers)
- Used simple algorithms• A becomes F, B becomes G (equal distant)
Advanced forms of mathematics
- Graph isomorphism• Multiplexers• One-way hash functions.
Encryption has been usedby business and industryto protect confidentialcommunicationtransmissions.
With the growth ofcomputers, business isinterested in finding asecure,
data encryption
standard
that can be used
by everyone, especiallyover the internet.
❧
Since 1977, the standardhas been DES (DigitalEncryption System) whichprovides powerful datasecurity
❧
However, supercomputerscan easily crack the DEScodes
❧
In this age of globalcompetition and industrialespionage, the stakes arehigh
❧
Improved protection canbe obtained with double-and triple-DES
So what’s the problem? ❧
The U.S. government worries that lawenforcement officials, (FBI, NSA and theCIA) will not be able to decipher datacommunications
In January of 1994, computer makers wereready to adopt encryption standards sorobust, that NSA supercomputers could notcrack it
Encryption Development ❧
Lucifer becomes DES (Data EncryptionStandard)
Strength of DES falters as computersbecome faster
The session key is constructed frominformation from both devices
Facilitates
decryption
but does not
automatically approve
interception
A Matter of Privacy ❧
Clipper Chip to be installed in:
telephones
faxes
modems
Clipper Chip keys held by government
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Automated Systems Division of Department ofTreasury (ASD)
Resistant to reengineering
Has gone through several proposals with Clipper 4including escrow by a company, with divulgenceonly on court order
“These procedures do not create, and arenot intended to create, any substantiverights for individuals intercepted throughelectronic surveillance, andnoncompliance with these proceduresshall not provide the basis for anymotion to suppress or any otherobjection to the introduction ofelectronic surveillance lawfullyacquired.”i.e., FBI can play by its own rules
Opposing Forces
NSA, CIA, FBI
NSA, CIA, FBI
Clinton Administration Clinton Administration
Computer Firms Computer Firms
Civil libertarians Civil libertarians
Cypherpunks Cypherpunks
Terrorists Terrorists
Criminals Criminals
Spies Spies