Composite Reference Citation Format Guidelines, Study notes of Medicine

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Composite Reference Citation Format Guidelines Introductory comments The following guidelines should be used for reference citation formatting. While two major sources were used for the basis of these guidelines, in several cases, some changes have been made usually for consistency. The two major sources (AJHP^1 and ICMJE^2 ) are cited at the end of this document however, referring to them is not necessary. The guidelines specified below in this document should be followed the way they are stated. This document is not intended to be all inclusive. You may find sources that need to be referenced that are not covered here. If that is the case, it is better to ask the course instructor, before completing and handing in the assignment. An answer will be provided based on the best available information and in a format as consistent as possible with other examples given in the document, but some may be an educated guess. There are two categories of sources that are excluded. The first is any reference source that requires your personal subscription, and is therefore, not universally available to all students in the course. Examples would include, but are not limited to Lexi-Comp Complete™, PEPID™ and Epocrates™ which are available only to you, on your personal hand-held or laptop computer. It does not matter if a few of your colleagues also have their own personal subscriptions. If it is not universally available to all the students in the course, by way of the AHSL web site, then it is excluded from use. The reason for this policy is that the purpose of a reference citation is so that a reader of your work can access your sources, to check validity and interpretation. If a source is not available, it cannot be accessed. Despite this, there are a few of the “not allowed” resources that are mentioned in this document, complete with an example citation. The reason for retaining the examples is that you may use these sources after completion of this course. The second type of source that is excluded from use is any source that is available only in abstract, preliminary or incomplete form. Examples are abstracts of upcoming meetings and poster presentations. The reasons for this policy are twofold. First, these are often not accessible sources (similar to sources which require personal subscriptions, as mentioned above). The second reason is that abstracts, poster presentations and even many preliminary publications are never approved for final, complete publication. This is often because they are deficient in some way, including some aspect of methodology. Since the numerous textbooks that are available through STAT!Ref or MD Consult (both accessible in AHSL web site) are considered to be universally accessible to all students they may be used as tertiary references. Also, the correct journal abbreviation is an essential part of a complete and correct reference citation. This document does not deal with that issue. Another source will be made available on the D2L course site for that purpose using in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) document. The types of reference citations are listed, with a numbered example indented below most of them. Comments in blue print which follow the example are added details for clarification (note that Internet URLs are also in blue, but they are also underlined as hypertext).

Journal articles Standard journal article:

1. Driscoll DF, Bhargava N, Li L et al. Physicochemical stability of total nutrient admixtures. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;52:623-34.

• List all authors when three or fewer; when four or more, list only first three and add “et al.” with no comma following the third author’s name before “et al.”
• In contrast to the system used by some journals, note that the month (and day) of the journal publication is not to be included.
• Note that the only words in the article title that begin with a capital (upper case) letter are the first word, any proper nouns and acronyms. This is the citation format used by most journals.
• Inclusion of issue number is optional, e.g., “…1995;52 (4) :623-34.” Some people like the improved ease with which a specific article can be found, because the issue is included in the citation. However, some journals do not use the issue number. For the course, be consistent to either use issue number for all references where possible or do not use it for any references.
• There should be no spaces between the punctuation marks separating the numbers for year, volume number, issue number (when used) and page number(s), as shown in the sample.
• Use of italics for the journal name/abbreviation is optional, but this feature must be consistent within a given assignment or document.
• Remove duplicated page numbers to the fullest extent possible. This rule should be used in all types of citations to which it applies, not just standard (print) journal articles. For example, if the article spans pages 722-729, record them as 722-9 (not as 722-729 and not as 722-29). Similarly, if the article spans pages 722-732, record them as 722- 32. Standard journal article, but an organization is indicated as the “author” instead of specific people:

2. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86. Standard journal article, but both some specific people and an organization are indicated as the “authors:”
3. Vallancien G, Emberton M, Harving N et al., for the Alf-One Study Group. Sexual dysfunction in 1,274 European men suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2257-61. Standard journal article, but no author (or organization) stated as author (The Medical Letter is like this; see later in this document, under “Proprietary sources….” section on page 8 ):
4. Twenty-first century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):184.

• The above example also serves another purpose. Some journals (specifically BMJ, Lancet journals and The Medical Letter) use an “issue number” which is chronological and continuous. It may be included as an option, as it is in the citation above (in parentheses). Standard journal article, but the volume has a supplement (be careful; also see next example):

5. Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9.

• Note that this article appears in a journal which has a supplement to the volume (42). In this case, the abbreviation for supplement (“Suppl”) and the supplement number both follow the volume number, but they are not within parentheses. The “S” which appears before the page number also indicates that the article is in a supplement.

Standard journal article, but the issue has a supplement (this is different from above; read them carefully):

6. Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58( Suppl 7):S6-12.

• Note that this article appears in a journal which has a supplement to the issue (12). In this case the indication that it is a supplement and the supplement number (“Suppl 7”) should follow the issue number, and they are all within parentheses. Again, an “S appears before the first page number. Standard journal article, but the volume has a “part” (be careful; see next example, also):

7. Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5. Standard journal article, but the issue has a “part” (this is different from above; read them carefully):
8. Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta S et al. Development of a large animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-8. Journal article where there is no volume number, but only an issue number (this is quite unusual):
9. Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230-8.

• Note that the rule is consistent; there is no volume number, so no number that is outside of parentheses follows the year, but rather, the issue number appears at that location, but within parentheses. Journal article where there is neither a volume nor an issue number (again, this is quite unusual):

10. Outreach: bringing HIV-positive individuals into care. HRSA Careaction. 2002;Jun:1- 6.

• Note well, that this is the only situation in which it is appropriate to use the month (and sometimes day) of publication in a print journal article reference citation. Journal article with pagination in lower case Roman numerals (this is unusual):

11. Chadwick R, Schuklenk U. The politics of ethical consensus finding. Bioethics. 2002;16(2):iii-v. Journal article with published erratum (somewhat unusual):
12. Malinowski JM, Bolesta S. Rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review. Clin Ther. 2000;22(10):1151-68; discussion 1149-50. Erratum in: Clin Ther 2001;23(2):309. Journal article in which pagination is by individual issue and article is not on continuous pages, but rather interrupted (usually be advertisements):
13. Smith DL. The effect of patient noncompliance on health care costs. Med Interface. 1993; 6(4):74-6,78,84. Letter, editorial, or abstract:
14. Stiles ML, Allen LV Jr, Prince S et al. Stability of ranitidine hydrochloride during simulated home care use. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51:1706-7. Letter.

• Note that the qualifying word (Letter, or Editorial or Abstract) is listed at the end, with the first letter in upper case, and followed by a period. Books

An introductory note about book citations One necessary element of formatting a book citation correctly is to ascertain whether the names on the cover of the book (and on the title page) are: 1) authors of the book; 2) editors of the book; or 3) names of those who were involved with the first edition of the book, and whose names, therefore, are retained as part of the title of the book (whether or not they are still authors or editors). If the table of contents (TOC) includes names of people who are different from or in addition to those whose names are on the title page, that usually means that each chapter has one or more separate authors and the names on the cover are therefore editors (although editors may also be authors of one or more specific chapters). If there are no names indicated with each chapter title in the TOC, then the names on the title page of the book are probably authors (i.e., of all chapters in the entire book). An example of the third situation above is the infectious diseases text, known as “Mandell’s.” Following is a correct citation from the 7 th (current) edition of that text. The most important issue to note is that the three names that are listed after “In:” (Mandell, Bennett and Dolin) are the three editors of this edition, but that the three names that are part of the title of the book (i.e., those names following “eds.”) are those people involved with the first edition of the book. Note carefully, that Dr Douglas is no longer an active editor. His name, however, remains as part of the title of the book. Also, somewhat beside the main point, note that the first author named (Schlossberg) is the author only of the chapter cited.

15. Schlossberg D. Chlamydophila ( Chlamydia ) psittaci (psittacosis). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7 th^ ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc; 20 1 0:2 463 - 5. Book - personal author(s):
16. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 5 th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998.

• Note that the book title is not italicized. Use of italics for the book title is optional, but this feature must be consistent within a given assignment or document. If there were more than three authors and/or editors, the rule stated in example 1., above would apply.
• Also, note that only the first letter of the first word of the book title is in upper case. The only other words that would begin with a capital (upper case) letter (if any were present) would be proper nouns and acronyms.
• If the state in which the city of publication is not considered universally known, then the usual postal service abbreviation for that state should be added in parentheses after the city name. If the city of publication is outside the United States, the country should be indicated in parentheses. Chapter or article in a book:

17. Jackson EK. Diuretics. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB et al., eds. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th^ ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:685-713.

• The notes following example 15., above, also apply to this type of citation. Editor, compiler, or chair as author of book:

18. Barone MA, ed. The Harriet Lane handbook: a manual for pediatric house officers. 14th^ ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1996.

• The notes following example 15., above, also apply to this type of citation. Government agency publication:

19. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Eighth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1993 : NIH publication no. 93-3699.

• In this citation, the NIH publication number is in the analogous place where page numbers would be in a journal article citation. Electronic sources (also, see later under “Proprietary sources…” beginning on page 8 ) : Use of italics for journal names/abbreviations and book titles from electronic sources is optional, as above. Creation of a hypertext link of the URL listed in a citation for an online source is optional. For all of these situations, be consistent within a given assignment or document. Online (Internet) sources: Journal published online only (two, slightly different examples are given):

20. Harrison CL, Schmidt PQ, Jones JD. Aspirin compared with acetaminophen for relief of headache. Online J Ther [serial online]. 1992 Jan 2; (in place of month/day, use volume, issue and pages, if known in the format for a journal [example 1., above]).

• It is optional to add the URL and the date accessed. If this is done, use the format shown in example 21 ., below (i.e., “Retrieved at [URL]. Accessed [year month abbreviation day of month].”)
• Note well , that the brackets indicated in blue above are for instruction and are not to be included in the real citation.
  21. Vera J, Hensiek A, Woodrow C et al. Ophthalmoplegia and slurred speech in an intravenous drug user. PLoS Med. 2006;3(12):e453 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030453. Retrieved at: [URL in usual format; see explanation, below]. Accessed [date in usual format; see explanation after example 20 ., above].
• Again, omit the brackets indicated here in blue, from the real citation.
• Example 2 1 is a slightly different format, which can be used if the information is available (as it is for the PLoS [Public Library of Science] and BMC [BioMed Central] journal series). The unique pieces of information are: 1) the “e” (electronic) page number; and 2) the “doi” (digital object identifier) designation. It is likely that the “doi” is as functional as the URL for finding the article, but, again, for consistency, the designated reference citation format above should be used for online only journals, when the “doi” is available.
• For both examples above, note that when a URL is included in a citation, the following rule will apply: o When the URL includes the letters “www” immediately after the “http://” then the URL part of the citation should begin with “www” and omit the “http://” portion. o However, when the letters “www” do not immediately follow the “http://” then the URL citation should begin with the “http://” portion (see example 40 .).
• Online journal citations can be very confusing, as there appears to be no universal format yet. Follow the above examples as closely as possible. Also, the use of journal articles that are published online ahead of publication in print is strongly discouraged. This is because the citation will change after it is published in print. The purpose of any citation is to make the author’s source available (retrievable) to the reader. It is preferred that you simply not use online publications that will be published later in print. Note that this does not apply to publications that are online only (as the examples 20. and 2 1. above illustrate). Document retrieved from (available at the time accessed) online:

22. Food and Drug Administration. Regulatory information. Use of investigational products when subjects enter a second institution - information sheet guidance for institutional review boards and clinical investigators. Retrieved at: www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm126432.htm. Accessed 2012 Jan

• The URL citation rule (specified above in examples 20. and 2 1 ., above) also applies here. Monograph online:

23. Foley KM, Gelband H, ed. Improving palliative care for cancer [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001. Retrieved at: www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309074029. Accessed 201 2 Jan 10. Web site sources: Home page of a web site:
24. Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the Internet]. [updated 200 7 Jan 17 ]. Retrieved at: www.cancer-pain.org/index.html. Accessed 20 1 2 Jan 10.

• Include the date that the site was updated in brackets, as indicated above, if it is readily available on the web site. Part of a web site:
  25. American Medical Association. Resources. Patient education materials. Retrieved at: www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/patient-education-materials.page? Accessed 201 2 Jan 10. Database on the Internet:
  26. American Board of Medical Specialists. Certification matters. Is your doctor certified. [database on the Internet]. Retrieved at: www.certificationmatters.org/is-your-doctor-board- certified/search-now.aspx. Accessed 201 2 Jan 10. CD-ROM sources:

27. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

• This format is like that for a book, but adds the type of medium (in this case, CD-ROM) in brackets after the title of the source. Miscellaneous sources Package insert:

28. Zofran™ (generic name optional) package insert. Research Triangle Park (NC): Glaxo Wellcome; 1996 Oct.

• Use the term “package insert” instead of any alternatives (e.g., “package, label or prescribing information”). The month should be stated if it appears on the package insert, to differentiate it from other versions in the same year. Paper or poster presented at a meeting:

29. Saltiel E, Nishimura LY, Shane R. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of enoxaparin in orthopedic patients. Paper presented at ASHP Annual Meeting. Reno, NV; 1994 Jun 7. [Note: Give date paper was presented, not range of dates of meeting.]

• You are not allowed to use reference citations of presentations made at meetings. The citation format is retained for general information purposes only, as someday in your post- graduation career, there may be situations where it is useful to use such sources. Newspaper article:

30. Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).

• If a newspaper article source is online, add the “Retrieved at [URL]. Accessed [date].” information, all in the format as shown in example 2 2 ., above.
• Again, omit the instructional brackets from the real citation. Dictionary or similar reference:

31. Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 29th^ ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000. Filamin; p. 675.

• Note that this is essentially the same as a book citation, but without an author/editor and with the addition of the term/word and page number(s) for where the definition appears. Proprietary sources of drug information and other special cases The information about some of these proprietary sources is less clear. In some cases the publishers have no preferred format, while others offer numerous options. The guidelines suggested in this section represent a compromise, intended to be as consistent with other citation formats as possible. There is a mix of forms for proprietary sources: print; electronic and Internet. Remember, however, the admonition for the information source to be universally accessible to all students in the course, through some UA resource, to be allowed. The Medical Letter™ (currently, not available for UA COP students by universal access)

32. A levalbuterol metered-dose inhaler (Xopenex HFA™) for asthma. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2006;48(issue number optional):21-2.

• Note that there is no author designation. Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter™ (currently, not available for UA COP students by universal access)

33. Choice of antibacterial drugs. Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2007;5(issue number optional):33-

• As with regular edition of The Medical Letter, no author designation is given. American Hospital Formulary Service™ (AHFS) (available in STAT!Ref through AHSL web page)

34. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) Drug Information 2006. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc; 2006:XXX-XX. (X’es = page numbers used) STAT!Ref™ (available through AHSL web page) STAT!Ref™ is a collection of books in an online subscription service. As a UA CoP student, you can access this information source through the AHSL web site.

• When you want to cite information, it is best to click the “bibliography” link (near the upper right hand corner) or click on the “+/- show/hide bibliography” link near the bottom of the page. Either way, the information about the book from which the information came, will be shown at the bottom of the page. Use the information to construct a reference citation in the format for a textbook, (see examples 15. - 19 ., above).
• Sometimes, STAT!Ref™ indicates fewer than three authors/editors when there may be more. So, record the citation in the format as close to the examples above as possible. Then, to the book citation, add the information following in quotes, but without either the quotation marks or the brackets : “Retrieved via STAT!Ref at: [URL in usual format; see example 2 1 ., above]. Accessed [date in usual format; see example 2 1 ., above].”

Micromedex™ (Thompson Healthcare) CoP students have access to the Internet version of Micromedex™, through the Internal Links page of the CoP web site. Reference citation format for Micromedex™ sources can be complicated, especially because their home page indicates four options, none of which are consistent with the conventions used in this guideline. So, again, please follow the directions provided below for information extracted from Micromedex™.

• The basic format is similar to a chapter in a book, but without chapter author(s), book author(s) or editor(s), or city (state) of publication.
• Also, the Internet version is updated “periodically” but the last update cannot be determined from the monograph, so the only date needed in the citation is the date accessed (in the usual format; see example 2 2 ., above). The URL does not have to be the actual page where the actual information comes from, as this may vary depending on the venue (e.g., university) from which the program is accessed.
  35. Acupuncture. In AltCareDex® System. Thomson Micromedex. Retrieved at: www.thomsonhc.com. Accessed 2006 Jan 19.
  36. Sitagliptin. In DRUGDEX® Evaluations. Thomson Micromedex. Retrieved at: www.thomsonhc.com. Accessed 2009 Aug 21. Format specific for drug interactions section of Micromedex™
  37. Drug interactions. Micromedex Healthcare Series. Thomson Micromedex. Retrieved at: www.thomsonhc.com. Accessed 20xx Month abbreviation Day (as above). Lexi-Comp™ This company has information available in several forms. The guidelines below are based on suggestions directly from Lexi-Comp™, but modified for consistency. At this time, Lexi-Comp Online™ is available to all CoP students through the Internal Links page of the CoP web site. Also, the drug monographs from Lexi-Online™ and the Lexi-Interact™ program are available through UpToDate™ (see next page). Books
• Use format as for any book (invoking the three author rule). Use “Hudson (OH)” for the city (state) of publication and use “Lexi-Comp, Inc.” as the publisher. Handheld software (Note well that this source is not allowed for this course , as it is handheld software that requires a personal subscription. The citation format is retained for your future general information.) Format: Name of company that licensed the software, (name of PDA book or database).publisher location: publisher; version and/or date program accessed.

38. Lexi-Comp, Inc. (Lexi-Drugs TM ). Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp, Inc.; January 29, 2004. Databases/online software Format: Online database accessed. publisher location: publisher; date database was published; date updated/accessed.
39. Lexi-Comp Online TM , Pediatric Lexi-Drugs Online TM . Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2004; January 29, 2004.

Facts & Comparisons™ This drug information program is currently available to CoP students via the Internal Links page of the CoP web site (as for Micromedex™ and Lexi-Comp Online™). The citation format for this source is similar to that for other proprietary monograph-based drug information sources. The general format is: Subject. Facts & Comparisons. Last modified [date]. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. 20 12. Retrieved at: [URL]. Accessed [year month day]. Following is an example. Note that in the example, the brackets (used above) are correctly not included in the citation, except for the last date modified.

40. Guanfacine: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Off-label drug facts. Facts & Comparisons. Last modified [January 2002]. Wolters Kluwer Health. 2012. Retrieved at: http://online.factsandcomparisons.com/monodisp.aspx?book=olf&monoid=fandc-olf0176. Accessed 20 12 Jan 10. MD Consult™ (MDC) This proprietary source requires a paid subscription, however, at this time it is available to CoP students through the AHSL web site, for those working from an “on site” computer terminal. Follow the guidelines below for the reference citation format of information from this source very carefully. The italicized and bracketed words “citation text” should be included in the actual citation.

• Note, again, that the URL can be general and not indicate the exact page, as it may vary with the source venue. Books Book resources are indicated within MD Consult under the section headed “Reference Books” (if any are located) after a given search. Information about a chapter (i.e., the author[s], and title) can be obtained by scrolling down the table of contents panel on the left hand side of the screen, to the appropriate chapter number (indicated in the original search result) and clicking on the hypertext link. Additional information for the citation (editors, book title, edition number, city of publication, publisher and year of publication) can also be obtained by using the panel on the left hand side of the screen. Scroll back upwards, until the word “Frontmatter” reappears. Press that hypertext link, and the necessary information, except for the page number, will appear. There is no way to discern the page numbers (of the print version of the book) from this online version. However, your citation will automatically indicate that the online version of the book was used, viewed through MD Consult™, and that will obviate the need for the page number. Otherwise, use format based on examples 1 6. - 18 ., above and add the following ( without quotation marks ): “ [Citation text] Viewed online at: www.mdconsult.com. Accessed [date in usual format; see example 2 1 ., above].” Following is an example of a book citation from a search using the word “pleconaril” done in MD Consult on January 5, 2010. The source was the sixth book listed in the search results (identifiable by clicking “Show All 35 Results” at the bottom of the list of the first 5 “Reference Books). Note that chapter indication is on the page where the book sources are listed. Also, however, it can be found by sliding downward on the window in the left hand side of the screen. It is the chapter that is expanded. And, in this case (but not in all cases), it is indicated at the top of the page of text (scroll upwards with the right hand scroll bar). The chapter title and author(s) can be identified by any of these methods. The remaining pieces for the citation must be found by scrolling back upwards in the left hand window, to “Frontmatter” then clicking on that hypertext link.

41. Modlin JF. Enterovirus infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil medicine. 23 rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. [Citation text] Viewed online at: www.mdconsult.com. Accessed 2010 Jan 5. Journals Journal article resources are indicated within MD Consult under the section headed “Journals / MEDLINE” (if any are located) after a given search. Clicking on the hypertext link associated with

that journal article usually brings you to a copy of the article, from which all the necessary information for a correct citation can be found. Use format based on examples 1. - 14., above and add the following ( without the quotation marks ): “ [Citation text] Viewed online at: www.mdconsult.com. Accessed [date in usual format; see example 2 2 ., above].” Following is an example of a journal citation from a search using the word “pleconaril” done in MD Consult on January 5, 2010. The source was the second journal article listed under the category “Clinics” which alludes to a series of hard bound journals and routinely appears in MD Consult, under the “Journals/MEDLINE” category, if any relate to the given search. All the necessary information for a complete journal article citation will show up with the article when the PDF hypertext link for the chosen article is selected and clicked.

42. Ziai WC, Lewin III JJ. Update in the diagnosis and management of central nervous system infections. Neurol Clin. 2008;26:427-68. [Citation text] Viewed online at: www.mdconsult.com. Accessed 2010 Jan 5.

• In the following example (#4 3 .), note that the most specific URL possible should be used. That is, enter the URL of the actual page from which the cited information was found. Drug monographs, clinical images, and patient education materials
  43. MD Consult. Patient education. Diabetes and exercise (English). Retrieved at: http://www.mdconsult.com/das/patient/body/311471401-2/0/10089/58658.html. Accessed 20 12 Jan 10. First Consult™ First Consult™ is one portion of MD Consult™. The basic approach for citing material that is within First Consult™ is to deal with it as though it is a chapter in the book that is MD Consult™. This is analogous to the system applied to citing monographs from within UpToDate™ (see next page). See the following example of a First Consult™ citation resulting from a search on the investigational drug pleconaril as it is used for viral meningitis. It might be a good idea for you to repeat this search in First Consult yourselves, to confirm the details of the citation.

44. Yap RL, Scherger JE. Viral meningitis. In: First Consult. [Citation text] Viewed online at: www.mdconsult.com. Accessed [date in usual format]. UpToDate™ This proprietary source usually requires a paid subscription, however, at this time it is available to CoP students through AHSL, for those working from an “on site” computer terminal. Follow the guidelines below for the reference citation format of information from this source. 4 5a. Zaetta JM, Mohler ER, Baum R. Percutaneous interventional procedures in the patient with claudication. In: Basow DS, ed., UpToDate [this is the title of the “book”]. Waltham (MA): UpToDate [this is also the publisher]; 20 10 [use year when last updated].

• This format is similar to that for a chapter in a book (see example 16 ., above). If it is not obvious, do not include the information within brackets ( […] ) in the example above. Omit the section and deputy editors mentioned at the beginning of each monograph.
• Use only the author(s) names (at the beginning of the citation), and always use “Basow DS” as the editor. For drug monographs obtained from within UpToDate, use the format below. This is because Lexi- Comp is the real source (they are subcontracted by UpToDate and their monographs are embedded within UpToDate). Then see example 45b.

Drug name. In: Lexi-Comp Online™, Lexi-Drugs Online™. Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp, Inc.; Accessed via UpToDate [year month {3 letter abbreviation} day {as Arabic numeral}]. Note that the brackets should not be included in the citation. 45 b. Warfarin. In: Lexi-Comp Online™, Lexi-Drugs Online™. Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp, Inc.; Accessed via UpToDate 2012 Feb 6. Epocrates™ Epocrates™ handheld applications and the full program online , both of which require a personal subscription, are not allowed for the purposes of this course. However, the very basic, universally available web-based version may be cited as a database on the Internet, in a format that is consistent with examples above. Some of the information below, including examples 4 6. and 4 7 ., are retained for your possible future use, but they involve the disallowed personal subscription requiring software. Note well, that example 48. below involves a source that is allowed for this course. All citations follow the same basic format: Name of database [medium/content designator]. Program version. City (state abbreviation) of publication: Company software is licensed to with original publication date [updated date]. Retrieved at [URL]. Accessed [date]. To identify the version of the handheld application, tap the “e” icon at the upper left hand corner of the handheld device screen, then tap “Tools” and choose “Disclaimer” or “About Epocrates.” The version number and date of last update will appear.

46. Epocrates Rx Online [database on the Internet]. San Mateo (CA): Epocrates, Inc. 2003. Retrieved at www.epocrates.com. Web-based; continuous content updates. Accessed 2006 Jan 26.

• Note above, that “Web-based; continuous content updates.” verbiage is unique to this source.
  47. Epocrates Rx [database for PDA]. Version 7.50. San Mateo (CA): Epocrates, Inc. 1999 [updated 2006 Jan 19]. Retrieved at www.epocrates.com. Drug information for Palm OS or Microsoft Pocket PC handheld devices; content updates via Hot Sync. Accessed 2006 Jan 26.
• Note above that “Drug information……via Hot Sync.” verbiage is unique to this source. Also, there is still a version of Epocrates™ that is free of charge and universally accessible, although the information provided is quite limited, and registration is required. If this source is used, the basic citation format is shown below followed by an example. Subject title on page. Tab title. Epocrates online. Retrieved at: [use a general URL {https://online.epocrates.com/}, not the most specific URL possible.]. Accessed 20xx Month abbreviation Day (as above).

48. Rheumatoid arthritis. Disease. Epocrates online. Retrieved at: https://online.epocrates.com/. Accessed 2009 Mar 30. Clinical Pharmacology™ (another drug information resource available online by subscription) - This source requires a paid subscription. While it is not generally available to UA CoP students, some have acquired access in the past, and therefore, this citation format, with an example are included. Again, however, the source is not allowed for purposes of this course, and the citation is included for your possible future use. The general format is as follows:

Drug monograph cited [update of that monograph.] Clinical Pharmacology [database online]. Tampa (FL): Gold Standard, Inc.;2009. Retrieved at: www.clinicalpharmacology.com. Accessed [usual system.]

49. Tenofovir, PMPA [updated Nov 14, 2008.] Clinical Pharmacology [database online]. Tampa (FL): Gold Standard, Inc.;2009. Retrieved at: www.clinicalpharmacology.com. Accessed 2009 Apr 16. References for composite reference citation format guidelines:

50. Procedure for submissions to the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy - updated August 20, 201 0. Retrieved at: http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/AJHP/AJHPProcedureChecklist.aspx. Accessed 20 12 Aug 17. [This is still the most recent version.]

51. US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Bibliographic Services Division. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: sample references. [Last updated 2011 Jul 15 ]. Retrieved at: www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html. Accessed 20 12 Aug 17. Just to be complete, there is another source that could have been used for citation formatting. We considered this source to be too detailed. For example, there are five chapters that deal with citation formatting for online sources! So, yes, it could be worse. Patrias K. Citing medicine - the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers. 2nd^ ed. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine (NIH); 2007. Retrieved at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/. Accessed 2012 Aug 17.