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Human Anatomy & Physiology General
Differences between anatomy and physiology: anatomy = structure [greek: ‘to cut up’] physiology = function
Anatomy the study of parts and their interrelationships how the body is organized provides a standardized language eg “stomach” means different things to different people
Physiology is the study of biological functions cause/effect interactions
More conceptual approach, interactions stressed
Relationship between anatomy and physiology
What are you? A collection of carefully arranged atoms and molecules A conglomeration of trillions of cells (75 Trillion) Dozens of tissues and organs 8-10 major organ systems
Life is very complex must simplify to understand but lose something in the translation
How can we organize and study such complex processes?
Use models to understand complex processes
Some examples of models in physiology:
1. Levels of structural organization: [Hierarchy of complexity]
matter, energy and their interactions can be applied at many levels in biological systems
moving up scale each level is more complex than one below it
each level includes all those below it
new properties emerge from each level
in terms of energy, each unit is more unstable than the one below it
atoms –smallest structural units of matter (protons, neutrons, electrons) molecules – interaction of atoms to form compounds organelles – specialized components of cells performing specific cellular functions cells – basic unit of life tissues – groups of cells carrying out a specific function organs – groups of organs performing given functions organ systems – group of interacting organs organism – total functioning unit [population – association of same species living in same habitat] [community – popyulations osf several different species livng in same place] [ecosystem – highest level of biological organization] most complex environment and community and all interactions]
Learn different things by studying at different levels:
eg stomach digests food, ulcers tissues/cells mucous cells, endocrine cells etc chemicals enzymes, hormones,
Each level has emergent properties
2. Major Organ Systems
How does your body work? chemical reactions
needed for energy reactions in cells
3. water solvent reactant 4. temperature range near 37º [~0º - 100º] need liquid water proteins (enzymes) sensitive to temp 5. atmospheric pressure near 760mm Hg gas exchange
pressure is equivalent to weight of air: a room 12x15x9 ft holds about 170 lbs of air
air pressure at sea level: about 14 lbs per square inch; winds produce lots of force
lowest atm humans can survive is about 1/5 th^ of an atmosphere;
would become starved for oxygen if pressure were much lower; some bacteria can survive in “vacuum packed” foods
not enough oxygen gas at low pressures high pressures cause implosion
6. gravity space science – gravity is essential for normal bone and muscle maintenance and cardiovascular fitness
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: ability to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of fluctuations in the external environment boundaries needed
Requires: receptor control center effectors
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback & Homeostatic imbalances
