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1032 CLIENT CENTERED CARE EXAM 2
What are vitamins? - Non-caloric organic compounds needed in small quantities to assist in such functions as growth, maintenance, and repair. What are two types of vitamins? - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) water soluble (Vitamin c, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, folate and vitamin B12) What are the differences between the two types of vitamins? - Water soluble is not stored in the body, and fat soluble is stored in the body. Vitamin A Food sources - Chicken livers, sweet potato w/skin, carrots, spinach, pumpkin. Vitamin A Results of deficiency - Night blindness, exophthalmia, and decreased immunity. Vitamin D food sources - Tuna fish, whole or fortified milk, fortified soy milk, fortified cereal Vitamin D Results of deficiency - Rickets, osteoma Lacia, osteoporosis Vitamin E Food sources - Fortified cereal, sunflower seeds, tomatoes sauce, safflower oil Vitamin E results of deficiency - anemia, nervous system disorders Vitamin K Food sources - Green leafy veggies, tuna fish, tomato sauce Vitamin K results of deficiency - Hemorrhagic disease (newborn), defective blood clotting Vitamin C food Sources - Citrus fruits, berries, broccoli, cabbage, chili peppers, tomatoes Vitamin C results of deficiency - Easy bruising, poor wound healing, gingivitis, anemia Thiamin Food sources - Pork beef, whole grains, legumes Thiamin results of deficiency - Beri Beri, neuropathy, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholism) Roboflavin food sources - milk products, organ meats, enriched grains, and cereal.
Roboflavin results of deficiency - cheilosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis Niacin Food sources - meat and dairy, peanuts, enriched grains and cereals. Niacin deficiency - pellagra, weakness, scaly dermatitis, neuritis Pantothenic Acid food sources - Eggs, milk, liver Pantothenic Acid Deficiency - problems with lipogenesis, amino acid activation, formation of cholesterol, steroid hormones and heme Biotin food sources - Egg yolk, liver, synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Biotin deficiency - problems with skin and hair Vitamin B6 food sources - meat, organ meat, legumes, bananas, potatoes Vitamin B6 deficiency - hypochromic anemia, CNS abnormalities Folate food sources - Green leafy vegetables, oranges, tomatoes, liver, organ meats Folate deficiency - Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in pregnancy Vitmain B12 food sources - milk, egg, cheese, meat, fortified cereals, juices, soy milk Vitamin B12 Deficiency - Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy What are minerals? - Elements that play important roles in the body. Must be obtained from blood. Different minerals, different functions Calcium food sources - Milk cheese yogurt Green leafy vegetables Whole and fortified grains Legumes Nuts Calcium functions - Constituent of bones and teeth participates in blood clotting nerve transmission muscle action Phosphorus food sources - milk cheese
How much water should we drink per day? - Each day women get a total of about 2. liters (L), or 11 cups, of fluid and men get about 3.7 L (16 cups) What conditions require increase water intake? - Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, high protein or fiber intake, physical activity, and with certain medications. What does increase water intake cause? - Fluid overload. The symptoms of over- hydration can look like those of dehydration. When you have too much water in the body, the kidneys can't remove the excess liquid. It starts collecting in the body, leading to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. What is energy? - The strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity. Where do we get energy from? - the food we eat What is BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)? - The amount of energy needed to maintain the body at rest is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). We express it in kilocalories per day (kcal) What are the 5 guidelines of the Dietary Guidelines? - Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan. Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake. Shift to healthier food and beverage choices. Support healthy eating patterns for all. What does the musculoskeletal system consist of? - Bones Cartilage Tendons ligaments muscles What are the functions of the Musculoskeletal system? - These structures all work together to support the body and produce movement. Other functions of the skeleton are to protect internal organs from mechanical injury, protect the bone marrow, and store excess calcium in the bones (Scanlon & Sanders, 2015). In addition to body movement, skeletal muscles produce heat which helps maintain body temperature. Skeletal muscles also work with other body systems involved in movement, including the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems long bones - Bones of the arms, legs, hands, and feet that include a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses (ends) Short Bones - bones of the wrist and ankles
flat bones - Ribs, shoulder blades, hipbones, and cranial bones irregular bones - Vertebrae and facial bones Periosteum - Covers the rest of the bone Tendons - inelastic fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to bone Ligaments - Flexible fibrous tissue that connects two bones or cartilages Osteoblasts - A bone producing cell that provides a matrix for growth or repair of bones osteoclasts - A bone destroying cell that re-absorbs bone matrix as part of growth or repair of bone. antagonistic muscles - muscles that have opposing or opposite functions synergisitc muscles - muscles with the same function or that work together to perform a function. myocites - muscle cells, contractile cells that develop from myoblasts Flexion - A movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones Extension - A straightening movement that increases the angle between bones muscle tone - The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles isometric exercise - contraction of muscles without movement of a body part muscle sense - the conscious or unconscious awareness of where the muscles are and their degree of contraction without looking at them. stretch receptors - A sensory receptor in a muscle that detects stretching of the muscle. Why is mobility important? - It is important for maintaining health and recovering from illness or injury. When do alterations in mobility occur? - May occur due to strokes, neurological disorders, orthopedic injuries and surgery. How do alternations in mobility effect the respiratory system? - Complications from immobility include stasis of secretions, atelectasis, poor gas exchange, and pneumonia.
What is Sims position? - Variation of lateral used for rectal exams and administering enemas or suppositories. What is the prone position? - Lying with the front of the body face down, clients will either have their head turned or use a special bed for prone positioning. What are 3 top priorities for clients with immobility? - Frequent turning, positioning, and deep breathing. (Per plan of care) What are specialty beds? - Bed's used to assist in preventing problems associated with immobility. Fluidized or low air loss to prevent skin breakdown. What are pressure relief devices? - Devices that protect specific parts of the body from skin breakdown. Heal protectors, gel pads, sheep skin, elbow protectors. Bad circulation can lead to what? - Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolis. What are SCDs? - sequential compression devices, promotes Venous return. Why encourage ambulation? - Walking promotes blood flow of oxygen throughout the body while maintaining normal breathing functions. Ambulation stimulates circulation which can help stop the development of stroke- causing blood clots. Walking improves blood flow which aids in quicker wound healing. The gastrointestinal, genitourinary, pulmonary and urinary tract functions are all improved by walking. what are two types of musculoskeletal disorders? - Acute or chronic What is a sprain? - Refers to the tearing of ligaments that occurs at a joint, 3 Grades, 1 is mild, where 3 is severe. Rest Ice Compression Elevation RICE means what? - Rest Ice Compression Elevation What is a strain? - the pulling of a muscle or tendon. Compression and ice can be used while checking for sensation or circulation after 48 hours heat may also be applied. What is a dislocation? - Stretching and tearing around a joint with complete displacement of the bone. Reduction of dislocation is required often under anesthesia. What is a bunion? - A painful swelling of the big toe that may develop from ill fitting shoes.
What is carpal tunnel syndrome? - When the nerve is compressed, typically from repetitive wrist and hand movements. What is a fracture? - a break in the continuity of a bone What is an internal fixation? - Pins, screws, or other forms of metal are used internally to stabilize the bone. What is external fixation? - An external device is used to stabilize the bone. What are casts, splints, or braces? - May be used to stabilize the bone. Casts cause discomfort and skin irritation. If so the rim of the cast can be covered by Stockett or tape. What is traction? - Applies a mechanic pull to keep the bone in a certain position, there's a skeletal and skin traction. Traction may be continuous or intermittent. What is osteoarthritis? - degenerative joint disease, RF not present, associated with wear and tear, common in 50-60 Y/o's, stiffness relieved by moderate movement, often unilateral movement. What is rheumatoid arthritis? - inflammatory joi8nt disease that may be systemic symptoms, RF may be present, possibly immunologic in etiology, commonly begins in age 30-40 years, morning stiffness, pain with motion, and bilateral joint movement. What are assistive devices? - wheelchairs, walkers, canes, crutches How do you transfer a client to a wheelchair? - When transferring a client from the bed to a wheelchair, place the wheelchair parallel to the side of the bed and make sure the wheelchair is locked. Lower the bed and side rail, and elevate the head of the bed. Then, help the client turn onto their side. Assist the client to a sitting positing, allowing the legs to dangle. Prevent slipping with use of nonskid slippers or socks. Assist the client to a standing position using proper body mechanics. Place your arms under the client's axillae and hands on the scapula. Then, have the client push on the bed as you lift. Pivot the client 90 degrees and have the client reach back and grasp the wheelchair if possible. Flex your knees as you lower the client onto the chair. What are two types of canes? - A regular can and a quad cane What are guidelines assisting a client with a cane? - Ensure the cane has an intact rubber tip, have client use cane on unaffected side, make sure client does not bear full weight on effected side, walk beside the client on effected side. Ensure handgrip is at hip level and client's elbow is bent 15-30 degrees. ensure tip is 6-10 inches to the side and 6 inches in the front of the foot. Look straight ahead while ambulating.
lens function - focuses light in order to create clear images of objects at various distances. conjunctiva function - is a clear membrane that covers the front of the eye. It helps keep the eye lubricated and protects the eye from dust, debris and infection. retina function - is where light is converted to signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Optic nerve function - transfers visual information from the retina to the brain. Macula function - where light is focused by structures of the front of the eye. Vitreous body function - consist of gel like fluid that helps maintain the shape of the eye What is AMD? - Age related macular degeneration, causes damage to the macula which is needed for central vision. What are the symptoms of AMD? - loss of central vision, objects may not appear as sharp or bright, age is a major factor. What are the risk factors of AMD? - Smoking, race, family history, and genetics What are the treatments for AMD? - None, you have to focus on prevention What are cataracts? - Clouding of the Lense- the eye structure that helps focus light. What is the cause of cataracts? - Buildup of protein What are the risk factors of cataracts? - diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. What are the treatments for cataracts? - Glasses, anti-glare glasses, brighter lighting, and magnifying lenses. What is glaucoma? - A disease that affects the optic nerve and results in vision loss and night blindness. What is the cause of glaucoma? - increased intraocular pressure, loss of peripheral vision. What are the risk factors of glaucoma? - Age, diabetes, family history, glaucoma, race (African American, Latino) What are the treatments for glaucoma? - medications (eye drops, pills) or surgery
What is diabetic eye disease? - diabetes caused cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. What is the cause of diabetic eye disease? - Diabetic retinopathy is caused by high blood sugar due to diabetes. Over time, having too much sugar in your blood can damage your retina โ the part of your eye that detects light and sends signals to your brain through a nerve in the back of your eye (optic nerve) What are the risk factors of diabetic eye disease? - ยท Having diabetes for a long time. ยท Poor control of your blood sugar level. ยท High blood pressure. ยท High cholesterol. ยท Pregnancy. ยท Tobacco use. ยท Being Black, Hispanic or Native American. What are the treatments for diabetic eye disease? - Control blood sugar ยท Laser photocoagulation ยท Vitrectomy ยท Control hypertension Administering eye drops - 1. Follow the "rights" of mediation administration.
- Perform hand hygiene and apply gloves.
- Remove the cap and place it on its side or upside down.
- Ask the client to look up at the ceiling and tilt head slightly toward the side receiving the drop.
- With a tissue beneath the fingers, retract the lower lid downward, explosive the conjunctival sac.
- Stabilize the eye drop container above the eye and administer the prescribed number of drops into the conjunctival sac.
- Carefully replace the cap on the container without contaminating the tip.
- Ask the client to close the eyelids gently and more eyes from side to side. Administering eye ointment - 1. Follow the "rights" of mediation administration.
- Perform hand hygiene and apply gloves.
- Remove the cap from the tube and place it upside down.
- Expose the conjunctival sac.
- Apply a thin ribbon of ointment along the entire length of the conjunctival sac.
- To end the ribbon, twist the tube with a lateral movement of the wrist without touching the eye.
- Replace the cap back onto the tube.
- Ask the client to gently close the eyelids and roll eyes under the lids to distribute the medication. Three parts of the ear are? - The outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear
- Position the client supine and in the lateral position with the affect ear facing up.
- Draw medication into the medicine dropper.
- Straighten the ear canal by drawing the pinna upward and toward the back of the head (adults and children 3 years or older).
- Insert the tip of the dropped into the external ear canal and depress the bulb to dispense the medication.
- Place cotton in the external meatus.
- Have the client remain lateral for 5 to 10 minutes. Ear should be drawn up and back for - Checking patients. 28 grams - 1oz 1oz - 30ml 2T 6tsp 1g - 1/4 tsp 1tsp - 5ml 1 cup - 8oz 1 lbs - 0.45kg 1oz - 29.57mL 1mL - 0.004 cups
