Download 16CHEM_B1_E CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+ and more Exams Biochemistry in PDF only on Docsity!
16CHEM_B1_E CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026
FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
โ mathematical sign. Answer: designates whether the number is positive or negative (+/-) โ significand. Answer: the base value of the number or the value of the number when all the values of ten are removed โ exponential/logarithm. Answer: a multiplier of the significand in powers of 10. a positive exponential multiplies the significand by factors of 10. a negative exponential multiplies the significand my factors of 1/ โ tera. Answer: T-, 10^12, 1 trillion times โ giga. Answer: G-, 10^9, 1 billion times โ mega. Answer: M-, 10^6, 1 million times โ kilo. Answer: k-, 10^3, 1 thousand times โ hecto. Answer: h-, 10^2, 1 hundred times
โ deka. Answer: D-, 10^1, 10 times โ deci. Answer: d-, 10^-1, 1 tenth of โ centi. Answer: c-, 10^-2, 1 hundredth of โ milli. Answer: m-, 10^-3, 1 thousandth of โ micro. Answer: ฮผ-, 10^-6, 1 millionth of โ nano. Answer: n-, 10^-9, 1 billionth of โ pico. Answer: p-, 10^-12, 1 trillionth of โ femto. Answer: f-, 10^-15, 1 quadrillionth of โ metric system. Answer: a method to measure weight, length, and volume โ basic units of measurements of the metric system. Answer: kilo"gram"
- grams (weight), liter (volume), meters (length/distance)
โ kelvin (K). Answer: used only in the scientific community
- zero degrees (0K): equals - 273.15 degrees celsius and is thought to be the lowest temperature achievable or absolute zero (0)
- 273K: freezing point of water
- 373K: boiling point of water
- 310K: normal body temp of temp for a person, but this is never used โ atom. Answer: the basic building block of all molecules โ nucleus. Answer: the center of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons โ electrons. Answer: negatively charged spin around the nucleus at various energy levels at fantastic speeds, forming electron clouds โ protons. Answer: positively charged โ neutron. Answer: no charge at all โ ground state atoms. Answer: equal numbers of protons and electrons, making them electrically neutral
โ ion. Answer: - when an atom is electrically charged; in an ionic state
- occurs when it is in a solution or in the form of a chemical compound โ cation. Answer: - positive charge an atom in an ionic state will have lost in electrons, resulting in a net positive charge โ anion. Answer: - negative charge an atom in an ionic state that will have gained electrons, resulting in a net negative charge โ periodic table. Answer: a table of the known elements arranged according to their properties; makes it possible to predict the properties of each element based on its location on the table
- made up of a series of rows called periods and columns called groups โ atomic number. Answer: the number of protons in the nucleus, and it defines an atom as a particular element (atomic number = number of protons) โ atomic mass. Answer: the average mass of each of that elements isotopes (protons+neutrons)
- therefore once reactants have been written and products predicted, the equation must be balanced (the same number of each element must be represented on both sides of the equation) โ equilibrium. Answer: a state in which reactants are forming products at the same rate that products are forming reactants
- a chemical reaction may proceed to completion, but some reactions may stop before all of the reactants are used to make products
- reversible: increasing temperature, increasing surface area, catalysts, and increasing concentration โ increasing temp to increase reaction rate. Answer: causes the particles to have a greater kinetic energy, thereby causing them to move around faster, increasing their chances of contact and the energy which with they collide(chem reaction) โ increasing surface area to increase reaction rate. Answer: gives the particles more opportunity to come into contact with one another โ catalysts to increase reaction rate. Answer: accelerates a reaction by reducing the activation energy or the amount of energy necessary for a reaction to occur
- not used up in the reaction and can be collected at completion of the reaction
- various substances can be catalysts including metals and proteins (protein catalysts are called enzymes)
โ increasing concentration to increase reaction rate. Answer: cause more chance collisions between the reactants and produce more products โ solution. Answer: a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances; contains a solute and a solvent
- can be liquid in a liquid, solid in a liquid, and a solid in a solid
- types: compounds, alloys, amalgams, emulsions โ solute. Answer: the part or parts that are being dissolved โ solvent. Answer: the part of the solution that is doing the dissolving โ alloys. Answer: solid solutions of metals to make new ones โ amalgams. Answer: a specific type of alloy in which metal is dissolved in mercury โ emulsions. Answer: mixtures of matter that readily separate such as water and oil โ concentration. Answer: expressed as weight per weight, as in grams per grams; weight per volume, as in grams per liters; or volume per volume, as in milliliters per liter
โ single replacement. Answer: (replacement reactions involve ionic compounds; whether or not the reaction takes place is based on the reactivity if the metals involved) consist of a more active metal reacting with an ionic compound containing a less active metal to produce a new compound โ double replacement. Answer: (replacement reactions involve ionic compounds; whether or not the reaction takes place is based on the reactivity if the metals involved) involve 2 ionic compounds- the positive ion from one compound combines with the negative ion of the other compound. the result is 2 new ionic compounds that have "switched partners" โ chemical bonding. Answer: the joining of one atom, element, or chemical to another
- types: ionic and covalent โ ionic bond. Answer: an electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions, or a cation and anion
- no charge
- generally formed between a metal and nonmetal โ covalent bond. Answer: formed when 2 atoms share electrons, generally in pairs, with one pair from each atom
- strongest of any type of chemical bond and is generally formed between 2 nonmetals โ intermolecular forces. Answer: not bonding interactions between atoms within a molecule but instead are weaker forces of attraction between whole molecules โ hydrogen bonds. Answer: the attraction for a hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element (fluorine (F), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N))
- as strong as covalent bonds, making them the strongest intermolecular force โ dipole-dipole interactions. Answer: the attraction of one dipole on one molecule for the dipole of another molecule
- weak intermolecular force โ dispersion forces. Answer: (London dispersion forces)
- weakest of all intermolecular forces โ stoichiometry. Answer: the part of chemistry that deals with the quantities and numeric relationships of the participants in a chemical reaction
โ radioactivity. Answer: the word used to describe the emission of particles and/or energy from an unstable nucleus โ radiation. Answer: the particles and /or energy that are emitted types: beta, alpha, gamma โ alpha radiation. Answer: the emission of helium nuclei
- charge: +
- largest of the radioactive emissions
- penetration can usually be stopped by a piece of paper โ beta radiation. Answer: a product of the decomposition of a neutron or proton
- charge: negative or positive bc no mass
- can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum foil, lucite, or plastic โ gamma radiation. Answer: high-energy electromagnetic radiation
- can go through several feet of concrete or several inches of lead
- lead shielding is required to block gamma rays โ half-life (T^1/2). Answer: the amount of time it takes for half of the unstable isotope to decay
โ biochemistry. Answer: the study of chemical processes in living organisms โ carbohydrates. Answer: sugars and starches store and provide energy for the body
- sugars: deoxyribose and ribose
- carbohydrate: monosaccarides โ deoxyribose and ribose. Answer: sugars used in the formation of DNA and RNA โ monosaccharide. Answer: - simplest type of carbohydrate
- contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:
- glucose is one of the most important carbs and is an example of a monosaccharide
- fructose is also an example โ disaccharide. Answer: 2 monosaccharides can be joined together to make this
- sucrose is the most well known โ oligosaccharides. Answer: 3-6 monosaccharides joined together
โ nucleic acids. Answer: the biological brain of life, telling the cell what to do and how to do it; include DNA and RNA โ anti-parallel. Answer: the 2 sugar-phosphate chains in DNA run in opposite directions: one up and one down โ pH of blood. Answer: 7.35-7. โ allotrope. Answer: each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist (diamonds, graphite and charcoal are all allotropes of carbon) โ. Answer: โ. Answer: โ
