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Developing Applications and Automating
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Question 1. Which data serialization format is most human-readable while still supporting complex data structures such as nested objects and arrays? A) XML B) JSON C) YAML D) CSV Answer: C Explanation: YAML is designed for readability and can represent nested structures with indentation, making it more human-friendly than XML or JSON. Question 2. In Python, which standard library function is used to convert a JSON string into a dictionary? A) json.load() B) json.loads() C) json.dump() D) json.dumps() Answer: B Explanation: json.loads() parses a JSON-formatted string and returns the corresponding Python dictionary or list. Question 3. When parsing XML with Python’s ElementTree, which method retrieves the text content of an element? A) .text() B) .content() C) .get()
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D) .text Answer: D Explanation: The .text attribute of an Element object holds the element’s text content. Question 4. Which of the following best describes the main advantage of using YAML over JSON for configuration files? A) Faster parsing speed B) Support for comments C) Smaller file size D) Strict schema enforcement Answer: B Explanation: YAML allows comments (using #), which JSON does not, making it preferable for human-editable configuration files. Question 5. In Agile development, what is the primary purpose of a “sprint retrospective”? A) To plan the next sprint’s backlog items B) To review completed work and improve the process C) To demonstrate functionality to stakeholders D) To estimate story points for upcoming tasks Answer: B Explanation: A retrospective focuses on reflecting on the last sprint to identify improvements for future sprints.
Developing Applications and Automating
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D) It stores the data that observers modify. Answer: B Explanation: The subject tracks observers and pushes updates when its state changes. Question 9. Which Git command creates a new branch named feature based on the current HEAD? A) git checkout feature B) git branch feature C) git merge feature D) git pull feature Answer: B Explanation: git branch creates a new branch without switching to it. Question 10. After creating a new branch, which command both switches to that branch and creates it if it does not exist? A) git checkout -b feature B) git branch -c feature C) git switch feature D) git merge -b feature Answer: A Explanation: git checkout -b creates and checks out the new branch in one step.
Developing Applications and Automating
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Question 11. When a merge conflict occurs, which Git command shows the differences between the conflicted files and the index? A) git diff --staged B) git diff HEAD C) git diff --merge D) git diff --conflict Answer: A Explanation: git diff --staged (or --cached) displays changes staged for commit, helping identify conflict sections. Question 12. In Test-Driven Development, what is the correct order of the “Red-Green-Refactor” cycle? A) Write failing test → write code → refactor B) Refactor code → write test → run test C) Write code → write test → refactor D) Write test → refactor → run test Answer: A Explanation: First you write a failing test (red), then minimal code to pass (green), and finally improve the code (refactor). Question 13. Which HTTP method is idempotent and typically used to update an existing resource entirely? A) POST B) GET C) PUT
Developing Applications and Automating
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Question 16. Which authentication method sends the username and password encoded in Base64 with each request? A) OAuth 2.0 Bearer token B) API key in header C) Basic authentication D) Digest authentication Answer: C Explanation: Basic auth includes Authorization: Basic in each request. Question 17. An API requires an OAuth 2.0 Bearer token. Which HTTP header is used to pass this token? A) Authorization: Token B) Authorization: Bearer C) X-Auth-Token: D) Api-Key: Answer: B Explanation: The standard header for OAuth 2.0 bearer tokens is Authorization: Bearer. Question 18. Which of the following best describes a webhook? A) A synchronous API call that returns data immediately B) A client-initiated polling mechanism C) A server-initiated HTTP POST sent to a pre-configured URL when an event occurs
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D) An XML-based remote procedure call Answer: C Explanation: Webhooks are callbacks where the server pushes data to a consumer’s endpoint upon specific events. Question 19. In Python’s requests library, which method would you use to send a JSON payload in a POST request? A) requests.post(url, data=json_payload) B) requests.post(url, json=json_payload) C) requests.put(url, json=json_payload) D) requests.get(url, json=json_payload) Answer: B Explanation: The json= parameter automatically serializes the payload and sets the Content-Type: application/json header. Question 20. When handling a REST API response in Python, which method extracts the response body as a Python dictionary (assuming JSON)? A) response.text() B) response.content() C) response.json() D) response.decode() Answer: C Explanation: response.json() parses the JSON body and returns a Python dict or list.
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D) Contract Answer: B Explanation: An Application Profile groups EPGs and defines the policies (contracts) that govern traffic. Question 24. Which Cisco product is primarily used for secure, cloud-delivered DNS filtering and web protection? A) Cisco Firepower B) Cisco ISE C) Cisco Umbrella D) Cisco Nexus Answer: C Explanation: Umbrella provides DNS-level security and web filtering as a cloud service. Question 25. Which protocol is used by Cisco devices to retrieve configuration data defined in YANG models over a secure, NETCONF-like session? A) RESTCONF B) SNMPv C) gRPC D) SSH-CLI Answer: A Explanation: RESTCONF provides a RESTful API to access YANG-modeled data, similar to NETCONF but over HTTP.
Developing Applications and Automating
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Question 26. What is a key difference between NETCONF and RESTCONF? A) NETCONF uses XML, RESTCONF uses JSON or XML over HTTP. B) NETCONF is stateless, RESTCONF maintains session state. C) NETCONF works only on Cisco devices, RESTCONF is vendor-agnostic. D) NETCONF supports only GET operations, RESTCONF supports all CRUD. Answer: A Explanation: NETCONF transports XML over SSH, while RESTCONF uses HTTP/HTTPS and can return JSON or XML. Question 27. Which Cisco Python SDK would you import to interact with Cisco DNA Center APIs? A) cisco-dnac-sdk B) meraki-sdk C) pyats D) ncclient Answer: A Explanation: The cisco-dnac-sdk package provides Python bindings for DNA Center REST APIs. Question 28. When using the Cisco Intersight API to list all managed servers, which HTTP method is appropriate? A) POST B) GET C) PUT
Developing Applications and Automating
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Question 31. Which container technology isolates applications at the OS level using namespaces and cgroups? A) Virtual Machine B) Docker C) LXC D) Both B and C Answer: D Explanation: Both Docker (which uses container runtimes like containerd) and LXC provide OS-level isolation via namespaces and cgroups. Question 32. In a Dockerfile, which instruction sets the base image for subsequent layers? A) FROM B) RUN C) COPY D) ENTRYPOINT Answer: A Explanation: FROM specifies the parent image from which the new image is built. Question 33. Which CI/CD stage is primarily responsible for executing unit tests against compiled code? A) Source B) Build C) Test
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D) Deploy Answer: C Explanation: The Test stage runs unit, integration, or other automated tests. Question 34. When storing API keys in a CI pipeline, which method best protects the secret? A) Hard-code the key in the pipeline script. B) Store the key in a plain-text file in the repository. C) Use environment variables marked as “secret” in the CI tool. D) Include the key in the Docker image. Answer: C Explanation: CI platforms allow secret environment variables that are masked and not logged. Question 35. Which OWASP Top 10 vulnerability involves an attacker injecting malicious scripts into a trusted website? A) SQL Injection B) Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) C) Broken Authentication D) Insecure Deserialization Answer: B Explanation: XSS allows attackers to execute scripts in the context of a victim’s browser.
Developing Applications and Automating
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Explanation: The Control Plane runs routing protocols and builds the routing table. Question 39. Which protocol provides automatic IP address allocation to hosts on a network? A) DNS B) DHCP C) NTP D) SNMP Answer: B Explanation: DHCP assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, gateways, etc., to clients. Question 40. In Ansible, which file defines the hosts (or inventory) on which playbooks will run? A) playbook.yml B) hosts.ini C) ansible.cfg D) requirements.txt Answer: B Explanation: The inventory file (often hosts.ini or inventory.yml) lists target machines. Question 41. Which Ansible module is used to manage Cisco IOS configuration lines?
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A) ios_command B) ios_config C) ios_facts D) ios_interface Answer: B Explanation: ios_config pushes configuration lines to IOS devices. Question 42. In Terraform, what is the purpose of the “state” file? A) To store provider credentials B) To keep a record of resources created and their current attributes C) To define variable values D) To generate documentation Answer: B Explanation: Terraform’s state file tracks real-world resources to know what to create, update, or destroy. Question 43. Which Terraform block declares the cloud service provider (e.g., AWS, Cisco Meraki)? A) resource B) variable C) provider D) module Answer: C
Developing Applications and Automating
Workflows Using Cisco Platforms
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A) Node image B) Topology designer C) Runtime engine D) API gateway Answer: C Explanation: The runtime engine processes packet flows based on the node images’ OS. Question 47. Which of the following is a characteristic of a “bare-metal” deployment? A) Runs on a hypervisor B) Uses container orchestration C) Directly installs the OS on physical hardware without a virtualization layer D) Relies on shared hosting Answer: C Explanation: Bare-metal means no virtualization; the OS runs directly on the hardware. Question 48. In a Docker context, what does the docker run -d flag do? A) Starts the container in interactive mode B) Runs the container in detached mode (background) C) Deletes the container after it exits D) Limits the container’s CPU usage Answer: B
Developing Applications and Automating
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Explanation: -d runs the container as a background daemon. Question 49. Which HTTP header is commonly used to convey a JWT bearer token to a server? A) X-Auth-Token B) Authorization C) Cookie D) Set-Cookie Answer: B Explanation: JWTs are sent using Authorization: Bearer. Question 50. Which of the following best describes “idempotent” in the context of API operations? A) The operation always returns the same response body. B) Repeating the operation has no additional effect after the first successful call. C) The operation can only be called once per session. D) The operation modifies the server state each time. Answer: B Explanation: Idempotent methods (GET, PUT, DELETE) produce the same result no matter how many times they are invoked. Question 51. In Cisco DNA Center, which entity defines a set of network policies applied to devices based on their role? A) Device Template B) Network Profile
