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3006 PSY UPDATED FINAL EXAM|
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experts have more narrow defintion that is driven by motivation. Lay people have more broad defintion that is driven by intrapersonal aspects but their definitions change over the course of development. they both defined problem solving, verbal ability and social competence as important. - correct answer- What is the difference between the lay public and expert definitions of intelligence? They reflect personal definitions and assumptions about IQ. They emphasis interpersonal skills + perspective taking + social competence. they are affected by age of person, background and culture. - correct answer-What are lay theories of intelligence and what are they affected by?
- Galton: higher intelligence = higher sensory abilities.
- Binet: disagreed. said multiple components of intelligence. reasoning, judgement, memory and abstraction.
- weschler: intelligence includes verbal and perfromance abilities.
- piaget: intelligence evolving bio adaption to outside world.
- spearman: said IQ tests had overlap (general intellectual ability "g")
- Gardner: said traditional IQ tests only measured subset of intelligence. said there were multiple intelligence. - correct answer-What is the history of the expert intelligence definitions? includes
- body kinetics
- musical intelligence
- intrapersonal intelligence
- interpersonal intelligence
- naturalistic intelligence - correct answer-What is Gardners theory of multiple intelligence? intelligence is a multifacet capacity that includes that ability too
- acquire knowledge
- reason logically and plan effectively
- grape and visualise concepts
- find right words and thoughts
- cope and adjust to novel situations - correct answer-What would we consider a general defintion of intelligence? it is a complex concept by which hereditary and environment are presumed to interact with and influence development of intelligence. - correct answer-what is interactionalism? to devise appropriate measures, evaluate measures, and ensure assessment covers construct sufficiently.
- correct answer-Why is it important to know the structure of intelligence? It was invented by Pearson in 1901 and further developed by spearman in 1904. it is a family of statistical techniques used to examine correlations among variables, items and or tests. the two types include
- exploratory factor analysis = used when want to know the structure
- confirmatory factor analysis = used when want to confirm structure with a different sample. this played a powerful role in shaping 20th-century development and understanding of the structure of intelligence. - correct answer-What is factor analysis and what are the two types? it identifies underlying dimensions in data. for example, how many personality factors are there, or does intelligence consist of one factor or more? it investigates correlations among variables and groups them together to create factors. for example item 1 (sociability), item 2 (outgoing), and item 3 (optimism) correlate with each other. therefore they are factor 1 (Extraversion) etc. - correct answer-What is exploratory factor analysis? 1st order factors = individual items 2nd order factors = correlation groups of individual items.
- Vernon: provided a link between Thurston and spearman. proposed heretical group structure. that included overarching factor (like g), 2 grouping factors and minor factors, and specific factors (like spearman s)
- cattle and horn: Used Factor analysis. said there were no g or group factors. there was fluid (GF) and crystallised intelligence (GC). said G was reflected in GF and GC but not a third-order factor.
- Caroll: reviewed factor analytic research and revised the catell and horn model with the main difference being g was the overarching factor. called this 3 strata model of cog ability. - correct answer- What is the history of the structure of intelligence?
- integrates all 3 models.
- has 10 broad stratum and over 70 narrows.
- each broad stratum subsumes 2 or more narrow abilities. some broad factors include
- domain-specific knowledge
- psycho-motor speed
- olfactory abilities
- tactile abilities
- kinaesthetic abilities
- psycho-motor abilities. - correct answer-What is the CHC theory of intelligence and some broad factors? heritability
- twin studies show strong biological contribution.
- in realistic environments 50% variance in intelligence for adults (children more influenced by social aspects) gender
- believed because men have bigger brains they are more intelligence. this is wrong there are no gender differences except boys better at spital awareness and girls better at language. - correct answer-Is intelligence heritable and are there gender difference?
- environment = environment toxins, poisoning, rich stimulating environments.
- SES = strongest predictor
- early prenatal development = can impact development of brain and thus IQ, things such as nutrition and teratogens. - correct answer-What are the factors that can impact genetic IQ potential from being realised?
- the theory the test is based
- ease of administration
- appropriateness of norms (are they representative? are they dated?)
- reliability and validity
- utility
- availability of localised norms
- how developer defines intelligence. - correct answer-What needs to be considered when selecting intelligence tests?
- the binet test was first practical intelligence scale which was scored by identifying what 75% of average age group could answer. it has 30 individual tasks, some were easy and some were harder.
- standford-binet: first test with clear instructions for scoring and use for lay people. it was first to introduced alternate item. it employed the ratio IQ (mental age divide chronological age x 100).
- standford binet III: deviation IQ replaced ratio IQ (comparing perfromance with perfromance of people the same age).
- 4th edition: point scale implemented. subtests organised by category of item rather than age.
- standford binet 5: was designed for all ages. included full scale IQ + battery IQ + verbal IQ + non verbal IQ. also applied routing (not computerised CAT) and introduced basal level (min criteria to continue administrating a test e.g. two wrong and stop). - correct answer-What is the history of the standford binet intelligence test?
- weschlers test: had one for children and one for adults and preschoolers. it assessed different aspects of ability and gave the opportunity to view personality, motivation and other variables. it had a full scale, verbal and perfromance IQ.
- nun study showed verbal and linguistic ability predictive of cognitive age at 70 and dementia risk. - correct answer-How is intelligence across time? It suggests as time goes on IQ scores increase, thus showing that norms quickly become outdated and thus test norms need to be updated frequently. - correct answer-what is the flynn effect?
- should have same purpose as other psychological testing.
- Main purpose is it should establish where learners are in their progress at the time of the assessment.
- correct answer-What are the main purpose's of educational testing? (1) by reference to the performance of other students (2) by reference to expectations and standards. (3) by preference to past perfromance (4) to inform starting points for teaching and inform teacher of levels of individual students and the class. (5) to evaluate effectiveness of educational programs and interventions (6) to award qualifications and certification (e.g. graduation and drivers license) (7) to diagnose specific students misunderstanding or errors. - correct answer-how can information of educational testing be interpreted and used? (1) screening (screening for mass standardised testing or identifying individuals needing assistance or diagnostic assessment). (2) diagnose/service eligibility (formal assessment of strength a weaknesses, specific learning disorder diagnosis). (3) program planning (instruction and intervention). (4) progress monitoring (frequent monitoring of students for feedback)
(5) evaluating outcomes. - correct answer-What are the main uses of educational testing and assessment?
- formative assessment: assessment procedures conducted during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment e.g. practise exams, assignments. "it guides further instruction"
- Summative assessment: evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard. "achievement after instruction completed" e.g. final exam, final grade in course, op score. - correct answer-What is the difference between summative and formative assessment? (1) need to establish where students are in their learning relative to someone their age. (2) need to appreciate learning as an ongoing process rather than a snapshot of learning at one point in time based on a test. (3) need to provide a more objective measure than the subjective impression of a child's ability. - correct answer-what are some considerations that need to be made in classroom testing?
- educational assessment is usually done by a psychologist by referral. (e.g. counsellor assessing a learning disorder and referring to a psychologist)
- educational testing is more widely adopted. it is standardised tests that either the teacher administers or someone external (e.g. testing a schools knowledge such as NAPLAN). provides hard data. - correct answer-what is the difference between educational assessment and educational testing?
- Some teachers resent emphasis on test performance (i.e. only snapshot)
- Some teachers fear scrutiny of teaching methods or employment.
- Some parents feel it puts too much pressure on children, and may underestimate their ability
- some schools fear because principals are forced to account when their school is underperforming
- school data is made publicly available meaning underperforming school will be seen as less attractive
- Some states fear because of news broadcasts that they are underperforming relative to other
(3) Have high quality teaching (e.g. all teachers need masters degree). (4) teaching profession more appreciated. (5) less face to face time in classroom thus more preparation time. Finland also seeing general decline, though it is higher than Australia. - correct answer-Why does Finland do so well in PISA compared to Australia?
- in every country there is substantially higher reading ability for females (shows could be innate ability or cultural).
- some countries females score higher in science and others male score higher (shows no innate differences in science ability) - correct answer-Are there any gender differences in PISA?
- Example of large scale national summative test.
- annual assessment of year 3, 5, 7 and 9 students.
- assesses reading, writing, spelling, grammar and numeracy.
- tests individual student attainment of educational milestones. - correct answer-What is Naplan?
- with CAT we start with a large number of potential items each with associated level of difficulty. it administers items based on performance and allows for item branching. E.g. if you get a question right you will be given harder questions, but if you get it wrong you will be given easier questions.
- It maximised discrimination. - correct answer-What is computer adaptive testing (CAT)? enefits (1) it gives a more precise measurement of student ability (by minimising floor and ceiling effect). (2) greater engagement and enhances self-esteem. (3) potential to reduce test anxiety as will be told questions will cater to their ability level. Problems
(1) kids get different questions based on their abilities so it may be seen as unequal. (2) not all school are adequate resources or have good internet. (3) it requires 100 and 100s of items to determine the item characteristic curves - correct answer-What are the benefits and problems with using CAT Naplan testing? A decade's worth of data shows that there is a developmental trend. It also shows that: (1) that girls do better than boys in reading though this effect size is only small. (2) In writing the effect size is much greater for girls which is troubling for boys. this difference was likewise shown in PISA. - correct answer-What are the gender differences in NAPLAN? Aptitude
- assessment about future learning potential "how will you do in the future" e.g. core skill test predicting uni GPA.
- Used for career guidance and school to career transition.
- Uses specific vocational normative samples for individual subtests. Achievement
- based on demonstrated ability "your crystallised intelligence" e.g. standardised testing like PISA and NAPLAN. - correct answer-What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?
- Used to assess leaning disabilities.
- We should have reliabilities greater than .9 for them.
- They should have alignment of theoretical models of achievement in those domains. - correct answer- What are general achievement tests? it is when you administer two or more tests such as an IQ and achievement test and compare them. we use it because reduces cost of developing two normative samples separately and allows for comparison. - correct answer-what is co-norming and why do we use it?
- Provides scores on broad stratum abilities, based on subtest scores of underlying narrow abilities
- Australian norms from 5-99 years
- Reliability co-efficients range from .80 to
Assessment: adjustments to assessment activities to enable students to demonstrate their learning. E.g. rest breaks, additional time, alternate exam sittings etc. - correct answer-What are the different accomodations we can do for learning disorders? posits that people can be categorised according to six personality types and these personality types impact occupational choice. The distance between types indicates how theoretically similar they are. (1) realistic person - goes to work because they get paid, occupations like trades, farming, business owner. around 50% of occupations. (2) investigative person - less focused on money, they like analysing and problem solving. less business oriented more motivated to benefit society. (3) Artistic person - values creativity and does not like routine. occupation like fashion arts and media. (4) social person - like interaction with others, occupations like teaching counselling and helping professions. (5) enterprising person - strong business oriented. occupations like law, gov, finance and business. (6) conventional person - likes routine and structures. occupations like accountants. - correct answer- What is Hollands Hexagonal model of 6 related ideal personality types? it assess a persons profile on the RIASEC types. clients indicate which occupation they are interested in, and are asked about occupational day dreams and perceived competencies and abilities. this then allows identification of their RIASEC type fit. - correct answer-What is self-directed search?
- Developed by strong.
- he obtained interest statements from people already working in various occupations.
- ranks the individuals top 5 most compatible occupations from a list of 260 types of jobs.
- It is considered the best measure of RIASEC types - correct answer-What is the strong vocational interest inventory?
- Blurs line between physiological and psychological assessment
- Biofeedback can be an intervention in itself, as it can teach user to regulate brainwaves. some examples are
- eye tracking devises
- recording devises
- smart watch (heart rate) - correct answer-what are wearable devices in assessment and what are some examples? (1) cyber sickness. (2) Believability of interactions can give us the uncanny valley effect (an eerie feeling of unfamiliarity people get while observing or interacting with robots that resemble humans almost but not quite perfectly). (3) acceptance testing by users (e.g. older people). - correct answer-What reasons are stopping us from using virtual reality for testing and assessment?
- Serious games made to not entertain but to measure (e.g. wack a mole for cognitive assessment for older adults).
- Eye-tracking (e.g. reading process)
- Mobile phones/smart phones
- Wearable devices
- virtual reality (made good progress but still problematic e.g. Eliza)
- artificial intelligence
- holograms. - correct answer-What technology could be used in future assessment? Tests of maximal performance (e.g., aptitude, achievement tests). This is because (1) answers impacted on by presence/absence of a supervisor. (2) Potential to look up answers, phone a friend, Google, etc (3) Tends to inflate test scores - correct answer-when should tests be supervised? (1) Open ("unsupervised mode")
construct rather than test focused which may open up new testing forms e.g. virtual reality. - correct answer-what is latent-factor center designs? (1) it is an indirect measurement. (2) implicit beliefs might differ to explicit especially regarding racism and sexist issues. (3) less susceptible to superlative and social desirability bias. (4) reliability is high - correct answer-What are the advantages of implicit association tests? is a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's subconscious association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory. e.g. if measuring racism on one side of the screen would have good and one we would have bad. we would have random words where the individual has to sort items to one or the other. for example if black came up on the screen they would have to put it in either good or bad. (i did this in first year for research participation) - correct answer-what is an implicit association test? Getting a time estimate for how long people take to answer a question. on a perfromance test there is speed vs accuracy trade off but in computer administered tests allow capture of response time. - correct answer-What is time parametemrsisatoin? (1) Like CAT, amount of effort to develop a sufficiently large item bank to draw from (2) Requires 100s of items with item parameters estimated (3) Requires data from large samples of examinees with extensive testing during development, even more so than in CAT (4) Potential for "chopping and changing" between item types as system selects any subtest in the battery (5) May be confusing for test-takers
(6) Need to remember instructions across subtests (7) Memory requirements may be unrealistic, especially in children - correct answer-What are the limitations of MAT?
- It is an extension of CAT.
- has multivariate generalisation (2 or more latent traits).
- reduces test time without sacrificing accuracy of measurement across a whole battery.
- PISA used MAT technique to measure reading, math and science.
- Naplan online also aims to use this technique. - correct answer-what is Multidimensional Adaptive Testing (MAT)? (1) computer delivery (2) multidimensional adaptive testing (3) time parameterised testing (4) latent factor centred design. - correct answer-What were the four areas Kyllonen 1997 identified as likely to advance in smart testing? Yes they generally are. It does not change the way we measure a construct. studies have shown cross mode correlations of .97. so not much difference at all. however the reliability is considerably poorer on online, there is a noise (e.g. watching tv while doing survey), less rapport with subjects, and motivation is an issue (e.g. survey is too long). - correct answer- Are computer and pen and paper forms of assessment equivalent?
- It began in the 1980s when personalised computers became more available.
- in the 1990s there was widespread growth of the internet which started to raise the possibility of internet-based testing.
- in the 2000s we have smartphones. so we started having online surveys.
(3) Contextual needs such as political (e.g. impact of world wars) and funding and policy (e.g. education testing). It is likely these same things will impact the future of testing. - correct answer-what factors have influenced test development and may determine future development? it is the measurement and evaluation of
- psychological traits
- states
- values
- beliefs
- interests,
- attitudes
- cognitive
- behavioural style, and other individual characteristics.
- Can't be seen on a brain scan, but inferred from surveys, behavioural observation, informant reports, case history, etc - correct answer-what is personality assessment? (1) allows us to examine the relationship between psychological constructs. (2) allows researchers to identify antecedents, which can be used as targets for intervention to change behaviour. (3) it is useful for organisations for certain professions. (4) used by public health to shift behaviour. (5) personality can explain individual differences. (6) used for clinical diagnosis.
(7) can help facilitate understanding of self. - correct answer-Why is measuring personality so important? A trait is any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another. "relatively stable across time" States are not enduring and change within a few hours or days. They are the transitory experience of some personality trait but temporary. - correct answer-What is the difference between states and traits? They can be context specific. A behaviour that is exhibited in one situation can be labelled one way, but in a different situation, the same behaviour can be labelled in a different way. E.g. screaming and shouting in the workplace is not cool. In a sport stadium, it is interpreted as passionate. - correct answer-Are traits context specific? Trait theorists are interested in the measurement of traits. An example is the big 5. It follows the lexical approach and nomothetic approach to assessment. e.g. Neo-PI-R - correct answer-what is the trait approach to personality and an example? a constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities. - correct answer-What is a personality type? a personality measurement that uses the type approach to assess a persons personality. measures people along four dimensions (1) Extraversion vs introversion (2) sensing vs intuition (3) do you rely on logic or emotion. (4) do you form your own opinions or open minded. - correct answer-What is the Myer Briggs type indicators? consists of type A and type B personality types. Type A - a personality type characterised by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being a time-pressured and strong need for achievement and dominance. type B - a personality type that is completely opposite of type A. characterised as being mellow and laid back. - correct answer-What is Friedman and Rosenman (1974) two category of personality typology?
