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480a Exam 2 Study Guide
Larynx - location & structure - Answer voice box, level of the C3 to C7 vertebrae
nine cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages
Epiglottis (Larynx cartilage) - Answer unpaired (single) cartilages found in the larynx. Leaf-shaped with short narrow base attached to angle of thyroid cartilage below the thyroid notch. Superiorly, base widens into a blade-like portion that protrudes about the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Loosely attached to tongue base, allows to constict vertically among midline as well as bend backwards & down towards the cricoid lamina. Elastic cartilage, doesn't ossify(harden) with age, retains ability to bend over laryngeal opening like a canopy. Guides food & liquid into esophagus.
Arytenoid (Larynx cartilage) - Answer Two small, pyramid-shaped(three sided). Located on respective superior articular facets of the cricoid lamina. Each has a wide, triangular base and pointed apex. Uppermost apex is sometimes regarded as separate cartilage, called corniculate cartilage. Base's posterior-lateral project is muscular process, anterior-medial projection is vocal process(attached to vocal folds).
Cricoid (larynx cartilage) - Answer unpaired (single) cartilages found in the larynx; signet complete ring shape and attached to top of trachea. Posterior lamina is wide and tall, anterior arcis narrow and short. Pair of articular facets(points of attachment) on inferior-lateral margins of lamina are attachment points for thyroid cartilage(form cricothyroid joint). Facets on the posterior-superior surface allow articulation with the arytenoid cartilages. Foundation on which rest of laryngeal framework is built
Thyroid - Answer unpaired (single) cartilages found in the larynx. Shield-like structure formed by two relatively flat laminae(plate), which fuse together at an angle in the front to form the thyroid angle(inside) and thyroid prominence(adam's apple) on the outside.
Vocal folds - Answer Structure: composed of vocalis, lamina propria, and epithelium.
Description: two bands of thick tissue. Normal color is slightly pinkish white. Smokers and laryngitis may have pinkish or reddish marks. Each fold is 20 mm long in adult males, 15 mm long in adult females, 10 mm long in older children.
Membranous and cartilaginous vocal folds - Answer ⅖ of vocal fold is cartilaginous: composed of vocal processes of arytenoid
⅗ is membranous or soft tissue
Where are the vocal folds attached? - Answer Anterior attachment, angle of thyroid at anterior commissure.
Posterior attachment, to vocal process of arytenoid cartilages(posterio commisure)
Throepiglottic membrane of lyranx - Answer It connects the long and narrow attached part or stem of the epiglottis to the angle formed by the two laminæ of the thyroid cartilage, a short distance below the superior thyroid notch
quadrangular membrane of larynx - Answer The paired quadrangular membranes arise mostly from the lateral margins of the epiglottis and course downward and backward to attach primarily to the apex of the arytenoids. Its inferior, thickened free margins are the ventricular ligaments, which are a part of the ventricular folds
vocal ligament of larynx - Answer form part of the vocal folds, thickened free margins. Paird, have common attachment in front to angle of thyroid and ar attached to respective vocal processes of artyenoids at the back.
Ensure that the air moves in and out of the trachea only through vocal ligament opening
ventricular ligaments of larynx - Answer Inferior thickened free margins, part of the ventricular folds. Lie directly about vocal ligaments
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx - Answer Vocalis muscle: bulk(body) of vocal folds, functions like a bundle of stiff rubber bands. Adults vocalis: 7-8 mm thick
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoids muscle
Posterior cricoarytenoids muscle
Cricothyroids muscles
extrinsic muscles of larynx and functions - Answer Stylohoid: draws hyoid bone back and up
Digastric: two divisions
Anterior belly: pulls hyoid bone forward and up
Posterior belly: pulls hyoid bone back and up
Geniohyoid: draws hyoid bone forward and up
Mylohyoid: draws hyoid bone forward and up
Sternoyhoid: lowers hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid: draws thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone closer together. May not be true laryngeal depressor
Sternothyroid: pulls thyroid cartilage down
Omohyoid: lowers hyoid bone
production. Pathologically, may adduct to produce what is called ventricular phonation(characterized by rough, low-pitched voice)
Lined with tightly bound stratified squamous epithelium(layered flat epithelial cells)
Where is the larynx located? - Answer Located at base of neck immediately superior to the trachea(windpipe), below the pharynx, and anterior to the esophagus(food pipe). Is attached to and located directly below a small bone in the neck called the hyoid
In young adults, located level of the cervical vertebrae 4 - 7.
At birth, it is located at the level of the C2 - C3.
Larynx is located at a higher level and is, of course, smaller in children.
Adams apple is midpoint of larynx
How are the cartilages of the larynx attached to each other? - Answer The cartilages of the larynx are held in place by a set of ligaments. The first tracheal ring is attached to the cricoid, the cricoid is attached to the thyroid as well as to the two arytenoid cartilages. The epiglottis is attached to the thyroid. Both the epiglottis and thyroid are attached to the hyoid.
Adductor muscles of larynx - Answer Lateral cricoarytenoid(LCA): superior, lateral surface of the cricoid to the muscular process of the arytenoid
Transverse arytenoid: courses horizontally form the lateral surface of one arytenoid to the corresponding location on the other arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid: courses obliquely from the base of each arytenoid to the apex of the other forming an X shaped configuration
Abductor muscle of larynx - Answer Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA): posterior surface of the crcoid lamina to the muscular process of the arytenoid
Body and cover model of the vocal folds - Answer body is in three functional units
cover: epithelium and superficial
transitional(vocal ligament): deep and intermediate
body: vocalis muscle
subglottal pressure - Answer air pressure underneath the vocal folds. Valves all for development of subglottal pressure to brace and stabilize the thorax for lifting, excretion, and childbirth. Also, Builds pressure and when valves abruptly open, the strong puff of air that escapes expels the offending foreign particles. This is cough reflex
phonation - Answer term used to refer to voice production during speech and singing
vocalization - Answer crying, laughing, cooing, and other non-speech production of voice
hertz - Answer the number of cycles(rise and fall in the pressure of a sound) in one second (Hz)
Adult male pitch is about 125 Hz and the high-frequency /s/ sound (first male sound in "sound") clocks at over 8000 Hz.
SPL - Answer Sound pressure level (SPL) is the pressure level of a sound, measured in decibels (dB). It is equal to 20 x the Log10 of the ratio of the Route Mean Square (RMS) of sound pressure to the reference of sound pressure (the reference sound pressure in air is 2 x 10-5 N/m2, or 0,00002 Pa).
vertical phase difference - Answer the patterns of vibration are different between the inferior and superior portions of the vocal folds
why the bottom of the vocal folds come together more quickly
phonatory threshold pressure - Answer Phonation threshold pressure (PTP), originally defined as oscillation threshold pressure (Titze, 1988), is the minimum lung pressure required to initiate vocal fold oscillation. It is based on an instability criterion for airflow in a soft-walled pipe that leads to flow-induced oscillation of the wall.
jitter - Answer frequency perturbation; normal values for jitter is 0.2 to 1%. High levels
have 40-60 cm H2O of alveolar(sublogtall) pressure
What should you do (physiologically speaking) if you want to speak in a high pitch as when you speak to a baby? - Answer have shorter and thinner vocal folds
complete more glottal cycles
What changes occur in the larynx from infancy to old age? - Answer muscle and other tissues in the larynx and vocal cords shrink, thin, and stiffen
Describe a glottal cycle. - Answer (for vowels, sonorant consonants, and voiced fricatives) Vocal folds are adducted by larygeal muscles. Air pressure builds beneath vocal folds due to lung compression (elastic forces returning lungs to resting state after inspiration) When air pressure builds sufficiently, the vocal folds are pushed apart. Four phases: closed, opening, open, closing
When you are producing voice, the glottal cycles repeat. The fundamental frequency (f0) is the number of glottal cycles completed in one second. If you speak in a higher pitch, the f0 is more (more glottal cycles per second) and, if you speak in a lower pitch, the f is less (fewer glottal cycles per second)
What is Bernoulli Effect? What is its contribution to voice production? - Answer TE = d x ½(v2p) = C
where TE = total energy in a system, d = density, v = velocity, p = pressure of the fluid and C is a constant.
The law states that if the velocity of fluid flow increases, the pressure drops and vice versa.
It causes opening of vocal folds and for vocal folds to snap back together
What is the position of vocal folds during the production of voiceless sounds and during whisper? - Answer Voiceless sound: held apart
Whisper: vocal folds held under tension close enough to produce friction noise, far enough to prevent their rhythmic opening and closing. Triangular
What are vocal registers? What register is used for conversational speech? - Answer a
range of tones in the human voice produced by a particular vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Modal register
What accounts for the pitch differences between men, women, and children? What are the average (ballpark) values for pitches (in Hertz) for men, women, and children? - Answer Due to length and mass of vocal folds. Males are longer and thicker
Male: 130 Hz
Female: 260 Hz
Children: 400 - 1000 Hz
vocal tract - Answer consists of passages about the larynx - the pharynx(throat), oral cavity(mouth), and nasal cavity(nose). Laryngeal tone undergoes significant changes in vocal tract
moveable articulators - Answer upper and lower lip, tongue, mandible, velum
stationary articulators - Answer hard palate, the alveolar (upper gum) ridge, and the teeth
faucial arches/pillars - Answer -tissues surrounding the tonsils (on sides of uvula) - used to stimulate for treatment purposes
Paired palatopharyngeal muscle
Originating in the velum and inserted into the pharynx
Palatoglossus muscle
Originating in velum and inserted into the back of the tongue
pharynx - Answer throat, 12 cm long. Important role in food intake, breathing, and speech. Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
velum - Answer muscular flap of tissue attached to the posterior end of hard palate by a way of palatine aponeurosis(a sheet of flattened tendon), is primarily responsible for closing off the port
buccal cavity (mouth) - Answer food enters and is chewed to break it down; is formed by the cheeks lips externally and the teeth internally
bones of base of skull - Answer sphenoid & ethmoid
sphenoid skull bone - Answer Located in mid-potion of base of skull, anterior to foramen magnum and posterior to the ethmoid. Forms the roof of the pharyngeal and nasal cavities. Bat-shaped bone. Consists of body, two large prominent lateral projections, greater wings, & two smaller lateral projections, the lesser wings, and two inferiorly directed processes.
ethmoid skull bone - Answer Delicate, light weight bone, forms poriton of anterior cranial base. Consists of cribfriform plate(separates cranial cavity from nasal cavities), perpendicular plate(forms the posterior-superior portion of the nasal septum), & the paired ethmoid labryinths
Bones of facial skeleton - Answer Vomer: single four-sided plate, forms the inferior half of the bony septum
Zygomatic bone: paired, along with they zygomatic processes of a maxillae and the temporal bones, form the zygomatic arches(cheek bone)
Hyoid: horse-shoe shaped bone. Laryngeal framework is suspended from it.
Located near root of tongue below base of the skull in the pharynx, consists of body(corpus) & pair of posteriorly direct projections from sides of body called major horns(connected by thyroid membrane & thyrohyoid ligaments). Two small superiorly minor horns where major horns meet corpus.
Serves as point of attachment for over 20 lingual(tongue), pharyngela, & laryngeal muscles that are important for speech production.
Surrounded by soft tissues(muscles & ligaments), not connected to any other bone in body.
Mandible: lower jaw
Muscles of mastication: Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral pterygoid, Medial pterygoid
Maxilla: upper jaw
temporal bone of skull - Answer irregular bones with extensive muscular attachments and articulations with surrounding bones.
the subiculum, the parahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampus, white matter, and dentate gyrus
Sutures of the skull - Answer metopic, coronal, sagittal, lambdoid
intrisic muscles of the tongue - Answer change the shape of the tongue. Attachments are entirely inside the tongue
Superior longitudinal: runs from front to back at the top of the tongue just under the dorsum and curls up the tip and shortens the tongue
paired inferior longitudinal: run on the sides of the underside of the tongue; pulls the tip down and shortens the tongue
paired vertical: run from the bottom to top on either side and flatten and widens the tongue
paired transverse: running from the center of the tongue to the respective sides; narrow and elongate the tongue
extrinsic muscles of tongue - Answer one attachment in the tongue and other outside tongue. Cause tongue to move inside oral cavity
Paired styloglossus arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and attaches to the sides of the back of the tongue. It retracts the tongue and elevates the back.
paired palatoglossus (the anterior faucial arch) elevates and grooves the back of the tongue, if the velum is held in place. It is antagonistic to styloglossus.
paired hyoglossus arises from either sides of the hyoid and inserts into the posterior
escape through the nose producing the nasal speech sounds
Velum is raised to touch the posterior pharyngeal wall, closing off the velopharyngeal port. Air and sound escape through the open mouth producing oral speech sounds
What are the parts and functions of the tongue? - Answer Parts: tip, blade(lies below alveolar ridge), front(below the hard palate), back(lies below velum), root(base of tongue near hyoid)
Function: articulation, mastication, deglutition, gustation
What are the functions of the mandible? - Answer Serves as point of attachment for much of the tongue and related musculation, has an important function in mastication and is primarily responsible for opening and closing of the mouth, thereby affecting the position of the tongue in oral cavity
What is the structure of the teeth? - Answer Each tooth is made up of the enamel(hardest part that covers the exposed portion), dentine(foudnation material similar to bone, makes up bulk fo teeth), the pulp(soft tissue which produces dentin found in the pulp cavity), & cementum(covers unexposed part of teeth below the gingevae). Divided into crown, root, and neck
levels of speech production - Answer central processes
peripheral processes
central processes(part 1) - Answer Speech formation: decide what to say and prepare a grammatically correct string of words to say it; you have a choice - thanks, thank you, thank you very much
Speech motor plan: work out in the brain what muscles should contract when and how long together with what other muscles to produce a smooth and clear sequence of sound that make up the utterance.
peripheral processes - Answer Execute the motor plan causing muscles to contract and structures of speech (lungs, vocal folds, tongue) to move
The previous step generates precisely modulation(controlled) air pressure and airflow
in the vocal tract
The modulated air pressure and flow results in the production of sound waves that are heard as speech
feedback channels - Answer Auditory feedback: we listen to ourselves while talking and make corrections to content and pronunciation. Important for learning to speak(children hear words before they can say them) and to correct errors that may have occurred when children as well as adults speak
Brain receives tactile(touch), kinesthetic(sensation of movement), & muscle contraction feedback to control the execution of the motor plan. Your words may slur a bit after a visit to the dentist because of anesthesia has reduced tactile and kinesthetic feedback
Internal neural feedback: we monitor ourselves while preparing the utterance and utterance motor plan and make corrections as needed. If you ever stopped saying something that you were about to say, you evaluated internally(in the brain) the utterance and decided that you should not say it.
Diadochokinesis - Answer ability to make opposing alternating movements in quick succession. Alternately closing the palm to form a fist and opening it quickly and repeatedly is an example. Also clapping
In speech, measure of how fast a movement used in speech such as opening and closing the lips or touching the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge.
coarticulation - Answer process of simultaneous production of movements involved in the articulation of two adjacent sounds
Mechanism of velopharyngeal closure and opening: - Answer Closure: required for all oral (non-nasal) speech sounds accomplished by the contraction of levator veli palatini, superior pharyngeal constrictor, salpingopharyngeus, and palatopharyngeus muscles
Opening: port is open during the production of the three nasal sounds -- /m, n, and n(hook)/. The palatoglossus muscle, aided by gravity, causes the velum to lower creating an opening between the velum and the posterior pharyngeal wall.
Sounds that require mandibular elevation - Answer Mandibular elevation: closure of the mouth will require the elevation of the mandible. The closure of the lips for /p, b, and m/, the raising of the lower lip for /w, f, v, θ, and ð/, the partial closing of the mouth for high
