8085 2, Lecture notes of Advanced Computer Architecture

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Introduction to 8085 Architecture and Programming

Contents

1. Internal architecture of 8085 microprocessor

2. 8085 system bus

3. 8085 pin description.

4. 8085 functional description.

5. Programming model of 8085 microprocessor

6. Addressing modes.

7. Instruction set classification.

8. Instruction format.

9. Sample programs.

Control Unit

Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded. In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as ‘add’, ‘subtract’, ‘AND’, ‘OR’, etc. Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic. Always stores result of operation in Accumulator.

Registers

The 8085/8080A-programming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register, as shown in Figure. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: the stack pointer and the program counter. They are described briefly as follows.

The 8085/8080A has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as B,C,D,E,H, and L as shown in the figure. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by using data copy instructions.

Accumulator

The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.

Flags

The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero(Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags; they are listed in the Table and their bit positions in the flag register are shown in the Figure below. The most commonly used flags are Zero, Carry, and Sign. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions.

For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator id larger than eight bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry -- called the Carry flag (CY) -- is set to one. When an arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero(Z) flag is set to one. The first Figure shows an 8-bit register, called the flag register, adjacent to the accumulator. However, it is not used as a register; five bit positions out of eight are used to store the outputs of the five flip-flops. The flags are stored in the 8-bit register so that the programmer can examine these flags (data conditions) by accessing the register through an instruction.

These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the micro- processor. The conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software instructions. For example, the instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program when CY flag is set. The thorough understanding of flag is essential in writing assembly language programs.

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register.

The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory location

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit address in the stack pointer. The stack concept is explained in the chapter "Stack and Subroutines."

Instruction Register/Decoder

Temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here from memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and ‘decodes’ or interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next stage.

Memory Address Register

Holds address, received from PC, of next program instruction. Feeds the address bus with addresses of location of the program under execution.

Control Generator

Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction which has been decoded. In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur.

Register Selector

This block controls the use of the register stack in the example. Just a logic circuit which switches between different registers in the set will receive instructions from Control Unit.

Control Bus

Control Bus are various lines which have specific functions for coordinating and controlling uP operations. Eg: Read/NotWrite line, single binary digit. Control whether memory is being ‘written to’ (data stored in mem) or ‘read from’ (data taken out of mem) 1 = Read, 0 = Write. May also include clock line(s) for timing/synchronising, ‘interrupts’, ‘reset’ etc. Typically μP has 10 control lines. Cannot function correctly without these vital control signals.

The Control Bus carries control signals partly unidirectional, partly bi-directional. Control signals are things like "read or write". This tells memory that we are either reading from a location, specified on the address bus, or writing to a location specified. Various other signals to control and coordinate the operation of the system. Modern day microprocessors, like 80386, 80486 have much larger busses. Typically 16 or 32 bit busses, which allow larger number of instructions, more memory location, and faster arithmetic. Microcontrollers organized along same lines, except: because microcontrollers have memory etc inside the chip, the busses may all be internal. In the microprocessor the three busses are external to the chip (except for the internal data bus). In case of external busses, the chip connects to the busses via buffers, which are simply an electronic connection between external bus and the internal data bus.

3. 8085 Pin description.

Properties

Single + 5V Supply 4 Vectored Interrupts (One is Non Maskable) Serial In/Serial Out Port Decimal, Binary, and Double Precision Arithmetic Direct Addressing Capability to 64K bytes of memory

The Intel 8085A is a new generation, complete 8 bit parallel central processing unit (CPU). The 8085A uses a multiplexed data bus. The address is split between the 8bit address bus and the 8bit data bus. Figures are at the end of the document.

Pin Description

The following describes the function of each pin:

A6 - A1s (Output 3 State)

Address Bus; The most significant 8 bits of the memory address or the 8 bits of the I/ address,3 stated during Hold and Halt modes.

AD0 - 7 (Input/Output 3state)

Multiplexed Address/Data Bus; Lower 8 bits of the memory address (or I/0 address) appear on the bus during the first clock cycle of a machine state. It then becomes the data bus during the second and third clock cycles. 3 stated during Hold and Halt modes.

ALE (Output)

Address Latch Enable: It occurs during the first clock cycle of a machine state and enables the address to get latched into the on chip latch of peripherals. The falling edge of ALE is set to guarantee setup and hold times for the address information. ALE can also be used to strobe the status information. ALE is never 3stated.

SO, S1 (Output)

Data Bus Status. Encoded status of the bus cycle:

S1 S O O HALT 0 1 WRITE 1 0 READ 1 1 FETCH

S1 can be used as an advanced R/W status.

RD (Output 3state)

READ; indicates the selected memory or 1/0 device is to be read and that the Data Bus is available for the data transfer.

WR (Output 3state)

WRITE; indicates the data on the Data Bus is to be written into the selected memory or 1/0 location. Data is set up at the trailing edge of WR. 3stated during Hold and Halt modes.

READY (Input)

If Ready is high during a read or write cycle, it indicates that the memory or peripheral is ready to send or receive data. If Ready is low, the CPU will wait for Ready to go high before completing the read or write cycle.

HOLD (Input)

HOLD; indicates that another Master is requesting the use of the Address and Data Buses. The CPU, upon receiving the Hold request. will relinquish the use of buses as soon as the completion of the current machine cycle. Internal processing can continue.

RESET OUT (Output)

Indicates CPlJ is being reset. Can be used as a system RESET. The signal is synchronized to the processor clock.

X1, X2 (Input)

Crystal or R/C network connections to set the internal clock generator X1 can also be an external clock input instead of a crystal. The input frequency is divided by 2 to give the internal operating frequency.

CLK (Output)

Clock Output for use as a system clock when a crystal or R/ C network is used as an input to the CPU. The period of CLK is twice the X1, X2 input period.

IO/M (Output)

IO/M indicates whether the Read/Write is to memory or l/O Tristated during Hold and Halt modes.

SID (Input)

Serial input data line The data on this line is loaded into accumulator bit 7 whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

SOD (output)

Serial output data line. The output SOD is set or reset as specified by the SIM instruction.

Vcc

+5 volt supply.

Vss

Ground Reference.

are enabled and if the interrupt mask is not set. The non-maskable TRAP causes the internal execution of a RST independent of the state of the interrupt enable or masks.

The interrupts are arranged in a fixed priority that determines which interrupt is to be recognized if more than one is pending as follows: TRAP highest priority, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, INTR lowest priority This priority scheme does not take into account the priority of a routine that was started by a higher priority interrupt. RST 5.5 can interrupt a RST 7.5 routine if the interrupts were re-enabled before the end of the RST 7.5 routine. The TRAP interrupt is useful for catastrophic errors such as power failure or bus error. The TRAP input is recognized just as any other interrupt but has the highest priority. It is not affected by any flag or mask. The TRAP input is both edge and level sensitive.

Basic System Timing

The 8085A has a multiplexed Data Bus. ALE is used as a strobe to sample the lower 8bits of address on the Data Bus. Figure 2 shows an instruction fetch, memory read and l/ O write cycle (OUT). Note that during the l/O write and read cycle that the l/O port address is copied on both the upper and lower half of the address. As in the 8080, the READY line is used to extend the read and write pulse lengths so that the 8085A can be used with slow memory. Hold causes the CPU to relingkuish the bus when it is through with it by floating the Address and Data Buses.

System Interface

8085A family includes memory components, which are directly compatible to the 8085A CPU. For example, a system consisting of the three chips, 8085A, 8156, and 8355 will have the following features: · 2K Bytes ROM · 256 Bytes RAM · 1 Timer/Counter · 4 8bit l/O Ports · 1 6bit l/O Port · 4 Interrupt Levels · Serial In/Serial Out Ports In addition to standard l/O, the memory mapped I/O offers an efficient l/O addressing technique. With this technique, an area of memory address space is assigned for l/O address, thereby, using the memory address for I/O manipulation. The 8085A CPU can also interface with the standard memory that does not have the multiplexed address/data bus.

Flags

The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero(Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags; their bit positions in the flag register are shown in the Figure below. The most commonly used flags are Zero, Carry, and Sign. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions.

For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator id larger than eight bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry -- called the Carry flag (CY) -- is set to one. When an arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero(Z) flag is set to one. The first Figure shows an 8-bit register, called the flag register, adjacent to the accumulator. However, it is not used as a register; five bit positions out of eight are used to store the outputs of the five flip-flops. The flags are stored in the 8-bit register so that the programmer can examine these flags (data conditions) by accessing the register through an instruction.

These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the micro- processor. The conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software instructions. For example, the instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program when CY flag is set. The thorough understanding of flag is essential in writing assembly language programs.

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register. The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory location

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit address in the stack pointer.

This programming model will be used in subsequent tutorials to examine how these registers are affected after the execution of an instruction.

D 7 D 6 D 5 D 4 D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0

S Z AC P CY

6. The 8085 Addressing Modes

The instructions MOV B, A or MVI A, 82H are to copy data from a source into a destination. In these instructions the source can be a register, an input port, or an 8-bit number (00H to FFH). Similarly, a destination can be a register or an output port. The sources and destination are operands. The various formats for specifying operands are called the ADDRESSING MODES. For 8085, they are:

1. Immediate addressing.
2. Register addressing.
3. Direct addressing.
4. Indirect addressing.

Immediate addressing

Data is present in the instruction. Load the immediate data to the destination provided. Example: MVI R,data

Register addressing

Data is provided through the registers. Example: MOV Rd, Rs

Direct addressing

Used to accept data from outside devices to store in the accumulator or send the data stored in the accumulator to the outside device. Accept the data from the port 00H and store them into the accumulator or Send the data from the accumulator to the port 01H. Example: IN 00H or OUT 01H

Indirect Addressing

This means that the Effective Address is calculated by the processor. And the contents of the address (and the one following) is used to form a second address. The second address is where the data is stored. Note that this requires several memory accesses; two accesses to retrieve the 16-bit address and a further access (or accesses) to retrieve the data which is to be loaded into the register.

7. Instruction Set Classification

An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. The entire group of instructions, called the instruction set , determines what functions the microprocessor can perform. These instructions can be classified into the following five functional categories: data transfer (copy) operations, arithmetic operations, logical operations, branching operations, and machine-control operations.

Logical Operations

These instructions perform various logical operations with the contents of the accumulator.

AND, OR Exclusive-OR - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or of a memory location can be logically ANDed, Ored, or Exclusive-ORed with the contents of the accumulator. The results are stored in the accumulator.

Rotate - Each bit in the accumulator can be shifted either left or right to the next position.

Compare - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or a memory location can be compared for equality, greater than, or less than, with the contents of the accumulator.

Complement - The contents of the accumulator can be complemented. All 0s are replaced by 1s and all 1s are replaced by 0s.

Branching Operations

This group of instructions alters the sequence of program execution either conditionally or unconditionally.

Jump - Conditional jumps are an important aspect of the decision-making process in the programming. These instructions test for a certain conditions (e.g., Zero or Carry flag) and alter the program sequence when the condition is met. In addition, the instruction set includes an instruction called unconditional jump.

Call, Return, and Restart - These instructions change the sequence of a program either by calling a subroutine or returning from a subroutine. The conditional Call and Return instructions also can test condition flags.

Machine Control Operations

These instructions control machine functions such as Halt, Interrupt, or do nothing.

The microprocessor operations related to data manipulation can be summarized in four functions:

1. copying data 2. performing arithmetic operations 3. performing logical operations 4. testing for a given condition and alerting the program sequence

Some important aspects of the instruction set are noted below:

1. In data transfer, the contents of the source are not destroyed; only the contents of the destination are changed. The data copy instructions do not affect the flags. 2. Arithmetic and Logical operations are performed with the contents of the accumulator, and the results are stored in the accumulator (with some expectations). The flags are affected according to the results. 3. Any register including the memory can be used for increment and decrement. 4. A program sequence can be changed either conditionally or by testing for a given data condition.

8. Instruction Format

An instruction is a command to the microprocessor to perform a given task on a specified data. Each instruction has two parts: one is task to be performed, called the operation code (opcode), and the second is the data to be operated on, called the operand. The operand (or data) can be specified in various ways. It may include 8-bit (or 16-bit ) data, an internal register, a memory location, or 8-bit (or 16-bit) address. In some instructions, the operand is implicit.

Instruction word size

The 8085 instruction set is classified into the following three groups according to word size:

1. One-word or 1-byte instructions 2. Two-word or 2-byte instructions 3. Three-word or 3-byte instructions

In the 8085, "byte" and "word" are synonymous because it is an 8-bit microprocessor. However, instructions are commonly referred to in terms of bytes rather than words.

One-Byte Instructions

A 1-byte instruction includes the opcode and operand in the same byte. Operand(s) are internal register and are coded into the instruction. For example:

Task Op code

Operand (^) Binary Code

Hex Code Copy the contents of the accumulator in the register C.

MOV C,A 0100 1111 4FH

Add the contents of register B to the contents of the accumulator.

ADD B 1000 0000 80H

Invert (compliment) each bit in the accumulator.

CMA 0010 1111 2FH

These instructions are 1-byte instructions performing three different tasks. In the first instruction, both operand registers are specified. In the second instruction, the operand